Amplify

Transcription Conventions		Examples
Language	English (Australian)	“Colour” not “Color”, “Organise” not “Organize”
Contractions	Transcribe as you hear them	“Shoulda”, “Didn’t”
Numbers	Transcribe as numerals	“11 West 40th Street”
Filled Pauses & Hesitations	Transcribe as you hear them	“ah”, “eh”, “um”
Noise	Transcribe in brackets; use descriptive language	“And then we [door slam]”, “So cold! [Brrrrr]”
Partial words	If someone stops speaking in the middle of a word, transcribe as much of the word as they say; follow it with a dash	“Tes- Testing”, “Absolu- Absolutely”
Hard-to-understand	For speech that is difficult or impossible to understand, use question marks before and after	“And she told me that ?I should just leave?”, “Her name was ?inaudible?”
Change of speaker	Sometimes multiple people will speak on the same line. Use square brackets to indicate change of speaker.	[John] Yes, it was a very interesting time. [Susan] And what have you learnt from it?

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0:03

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Ingrid McGaughey, the date is the 10th August 2011 and I'm talking with Knowles Kerry. Ingrid McGaughey, the date is the 10th August 2011 and I'm talking with Knowles Kerry.

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At the moment we're talking about Macquarie Island, the year he wintered in 1970. Knowles can you At the moment we're talking about Macquarie Island, the year he wintered in 1970. Knowles can you

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describe some of the amenities that were in the hut in terms of cooking, describe some of the amenities that were in the hut in terms of cooking,

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[Ingrid] heating, lighting? [Knowles] Okay, starting- starting at the furthest south. [Ingrid] heating, lighting? [Knowles] Okay, starting- starting at the furthest south.

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Caroline Cove hut, ra- rather a nice hut but, ah- I- I liked as a hut but it had a few Caroline Cove hut, ra- rather a nice hut but, ah- I- I liked as a hut but it had a few

0:34

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problems, but being most remote it- it didn't have much in the way of problems, but being most remote it- it didn't have much in the way of

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amenities, not much food there at all, ah, absolutely no fuel for the amenities, not much food there at all, ah, absolutely no fuel for the

0:47

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little stove or little stove or

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a little heater that we had there, um, so [laughs] much so that I had to- or Gavin Johnson and I a little heater that we had there, um, so [laughs] much so that I had to- or Gavin Johnson and I

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would cart fuel from the main station down there every time we went south we'd take would cart fuel from the main station down there every time we went south we'd take

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about 2 gallons of fuel which'd last us for some time and over the course of the year about 2 gallons of fuel which'd last us for some time and over the course of the year

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we managed to build that up, ah, to quite a we managed to build that up, ah, to quite a

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respectable amount of fuel so that over the summer in 6- in respectable amount of fuel so that over the summer in 6- in

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70- 71 that we would not have to worry about the fuel. Any anyway, 70- 71 that we would not have to worry about the fuel. Any anyway,

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um, what we used to do to save fuel, or what I did, when I was down there and quite often um, what we used to do to save fuel, or what I did, when I was down there and quite often

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I was on my own, unlike today, um, I'd use the tilley lantern as a I was on my own, unlike today, um, I'd use the tilley lantern as a

1:31

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source of heat and light. Light the tilley, put it at your source of heat and light. Light the tilley, put it at your

1:34

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feet, wrap yourself up in buil- builder's sisalation, which was a- feet, wrap yourself up in buil- builder's sisalation, which was a-

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a, um, aluminium foil, ah, type stuff, and if you wrap yourself- around a, um, aluminium foil, ah, type stuff, and if you wrap yourself- around

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yourself the heat would come up through the tube of sisalation, warm you and the yourself the heat would come up through the tube of sisalation, warm you and the

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light would reflect off it at the top onto your notebooks, ah, you could write by the light. So you light would reflect off it at the top onto your notebooks, ah, you could write by the light. So you

1:55

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actually use very little fuel, ah, for these 2 major things. You kept yourself warm actually use very little fuel, ah, for these 2 major things. You kept yourself warm

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But towards the end of the year there someone I love to hate who came and But towards the end of the year there someone I love to hate who came and

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who had who had

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a, little quick visit to Macquarie Island for what I'm not sure but, uh, went down a, little quick visit to Macquarie Island for what I'm not sure but, uh, went down

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and managed to burn up our entire store a fuel over and managed to burn up our entire store a fuel over

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a period of 2 or 3 days there, so um, Gavin and I then had to start and build up a period of 2 or 3 days there, so um, Gavin and I then had to start and build up

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the supply again for our summer and the people who were following in 71 so the supply again for our summer and the people who were following in 71 so

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yeah, so that's the amenities there. Um.. The food yeah, so that's the amenities there. Um.. The food

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situation was moderately grim. Uh, boxes of food had been put ashore situation was moderately grim. Uh, boxes of food had been put ashore

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and mostly contained tinned corned beef and QBB Butter and mostly contained tinned corned beef and QBB Butter

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tinned butter, which we could then uh, grease the sledging biscuits which are also provided tinned butter, which we could then uh, grease the sledging biscuits which are also provided

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Swallow and Ariell's Sledging Biscuits as matter- as an aside there used to be a film Swallow and Ariell's Sledging Biscuits as matter- as an aside there used to be a film

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a little short film at the main station of how Swallow and Ariell's made these rock hard a little short film at the main station of how Swallow and Ariell's made these rock hard

3:15

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hard sledging biscuits. We used to, uh, uh crack them and soak them in hard sledging biscuits. We used to, uh, uh crack them and soak them in

3:22

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all sorts of things but, uh, we occasionally put them out for the wekas, uh, to eat and they loved them all sorts of things but, uh, we occasionally put them out for the wekas, uh, to eat and they loved them

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and they could stand on tiptoe and with a little pointy beak, zap the middle of the sledging biscuit and they could stand on tiptoe and with a little pointy beak, zap the middle of the sledging biscuit

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and break it into about 4 or 5 pieces which they'd cut off, a little aside there. Uh, which takes me and break it into about 4 or 5 pieces which they'd cut off, a little aside there. Uh, which takes me

3:40

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to Bauer Bay. Bauer Bay had several huts and the main hut, Parker Royal to Bauer Bay. Bauer Bay had several huts and the main hut, Parker Royal

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was quite luxurious we'd managed to install was quite luxurious we'd managed to install

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a water tank with a supply of fresh water, taken from above the seal wallows. We a water tank with a supply of fresh water, taken from above the seal wallows. We

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put put

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a hot water tank in, and with a coil which wrapped around the nippy heat. And a hot water tank in, and with a coil which wrapped around the nippy heat. And

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gave us hot water and we could actually have showers, there was a shower recess there which was quite nice gave us hot water and we could actually have showers, there was a shower recess there which was quite nice

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but out in the Rex we had a reasonable supply of all sorts of, um, food but out in the Rex we had a reasonable supply of all sorts of, um, food

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again lots of corned beef, lots of Irish Stew, and we discovered that we again lots of corned beef, lots of Irish Stew, and we discovered that we

4:24

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could make wekas and rabbits and giant could make wekas and rabbits and giant

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petrels and God knows what- we were encouraged by the way to learn to live off the da- petrels and God knows what- we were encouraged by the way to learn to live off the da-

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off the land out there by Phil off the land out there by Phil

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Law, so we tried all these things that came our way. Um, mostly not killing ourselves Law, so we tried all these things that came our way. Um, mostly not killing ourselves

4:45

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but birds would hit aerials and die that way and so on so we clobbered them for fresh food but birds would hit aerials and die that way and so on so we clobbered them for fresh food

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so yeah but we could pop 'em into the Irish stew boil them up and uh, I think the old joke so yeah but we could pop 'em into the Irish stew boil them up and uh, I think the old joke

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of boiling them up with a- with a of boiling them up with a- with a

4:60

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a horseshoe or whatever, and the horseshoes' tender enough to stick the fork in you'd throw away a horseshoe or whatever, and the horseshoes' tender enough to stick the fork in you'd throw away

5:05

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the weka and eat the horseshoe. Um, nonetheless that's how we lived that was amenities. the weka and eat the horseshoe. Um, nonetheless that's how we lived that was amenities.

5:10

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Ah! But then there was rum. The ration of rum and- we would get a cordialbott Ah! But then there was rum. The ration of rum and- we would get a cordialbott

5:15

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bottle of rum to take into the field we were trusted in those days bottle of rum to take into the field we were trusted in those days

5:19

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instead of having it diluted as was recommended in the ANARE Manual, we were instead of having it diluted as was recommended in the ANARE Manual, we were

5:24

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given it neat, but we had to dilute it with orange cordial and a bit of water to make it given it neat, but we had to dilute it with orange cordial and a bit of water to make it

5:29

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drinkable, by God it was good though. So, uh, elsewhere, amenities, not much drinkable, by God it was good though. So, uh, elsewhere, amenities, not much

5:36

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mostly the huts were wet, dripping with water the aluminium huts at, um, Prion Lake and mostly the huts were wet, dripping with water the aluminium huts at, um, Prion Lake and

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Tiabunga were wet and, I never stayed in them. They were shelter if you really needed Tiabunga were wet and, I never stayed in them. They were shelter if you really needed

5:49

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shelter but I always found the excuse to get out and get on the track. We pegged shelter but I always found the excuse to get out and get on the track. We pegged

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or repegged along or repegged along

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a lot of the tracks so that even in the foulest of weather we could find our way a lot of the tracks so that even in the foulest of weather we could find our way

6:02

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back to camp or to a much better hut so we never stayed up on the plateau [Ingrid] Was there just the main one back to camp or to a much better hut so we never stayed up on the plateau [Ingrid] Was there just the main one

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main train- trail across the top of the plateau? [Knowles] Uh, one main North main train- trail across the top of the plateau? [Knowles] Uh, one main North

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south one south one

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but it had its route through cut off at, um, uh what would it see... near Island Lake heading but it had its route through cut off at, um, uh what would it see... near Island Lake heading

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south you could cut off there, go over the island of Island Lake and down into Bauer Bay south you could cut off there, go over the island of Island Lake and down into Bauer Bay

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otherwise you would take the island track which dipped down towards Sandy Bay headed up otherwise you would take the island track which dipped down towards Sandy Bay headed up

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again dip down into Green Gorge and generally you wouldn't pass the Green Gorge Hut you'd again dip down into Green Gorge and generally you wouldn't pass the Green Gorge Hut you'd

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down into that large, flat area Green Gorge and take Green Gorge Hut. Next morning you'd down into that large, flat area Green Gorge and take Green Gorge Hut. Next morning you'd

6:46

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refresh, you'd clamber out and take the Pyramid Peak Track out refresh, you'd clamber out and take the Pyramid Peak Track out

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Heading down into Lucy or just above Lucy, take the cut off and go to Heading down into Lucy or just above Lucy, take the cut off and go to

6:59

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Herd Point. There were tracks pegged across to, um, ?Tebunga? Herd Point. There were tracks pegged across to, um, ?Tebunga?

7:05

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and Prion Lake, uh, back up into Bauer Bay and also and Prion Lake, uh, back up into Bauer Bay and also

7:12

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into Sandy Bay I think. [Ingrid] What route did you take to access the plateau from the station? into Sandy Bay I think. [Ingrid] What route did you take to access the plateau from the station?

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Oh, going- going south I would go down and climb up Green Gorge- sorry not Oh, going- going south I would go down and climb up Green Gorge- sorry not

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?inaudible? ?inaudible?

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climb up [Ingrid] Gadgets Gully [Knowles] Gadgets Gully yeah, and straight up Gadget and connect climb up [Ingrid] Gadgets Gully [Knowles] Gadgets Gully yeah, and straight up Gadget and connect

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with the Island Track on the top and head down from there. Coming back, uh, I would with the Island Track on the top and head down from there. Coming back, uh, I would

7:39

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generally go to the top of Perseverance Bluff and take the scree float down there I generally go to the top of Perseverance Bluff and take the scree float down there I

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also had albatrosses either side the side of the Perseverance Bluff Track and I would look at those also had albatrosses either side the side of the Perseverance Bluff Track and I would look at those

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on the way down, but you could run the scree like to Herd Point wasn't nearly as good on the way down, but you could run the scree like to Herd Point wasn't nearly as good

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but it was twice as exciting. [Ingrid] Did you use Doctors Track up or down from the station but it was twice as exciting. [Ingrid] Did you use Doctors Track up or down from the station

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to the plateau much? [Knowles] No I- I have done I've walked the Doctors Track but I didn't to the plateau much? [Knowles] No I- I have done I've walked the Doctors Track but I didn't

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like it very much because it was cut through the- the uh peat and the tussocks, and, all it did as far as I like it very much because it was cut through the- the uh peat and the tussocks, and, all it did as far as I

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was concerned erode deeper and deeper into it an- and I didn't like it at all was concerned erode deeper and deeper into it an- and I didn't like it at all

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It sounds like you're carrying quite It sounds like you're carrying quite

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a bit of fuel and other gear around the station what sort of gear did you a bit of fuel and other gear around the station what sort of gear did you

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have? [Knowles] Um, mostly I would- my have? [Knowles] Um, mostly I would- my

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work gear consisted of a camera, a pair of boat anchor work gear consisted of a camera, a pair of boat anchor

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size binoculars. Uh, and field notebooks and maps, and most of those things, size binoculars. Uh, and field notebooks and maps, and most of those things,

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binoculars would hang around my neck for immediate use, the camera would be inside binoculars would hang around my neck for immediate use, the camera would be inside

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in the pack in in the pack in

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a plastic bag and a field notebook and also- and maps would be in the pockets of my parka so a plastic bag and a field notebook and also- and maps would be in the pockets of my parka so

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so there wasn't so there wasn't

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very much. The rest was taken up with fuel, couple gallons of fuel. Few very much. The rest was taken up with fuel, couple gallons of fuel. Few

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slabs of chocolate, few other goodies that I could nick from the station, and every slabs of chocolate, few other goodies that I could nick from the station, and every

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now and again early of the season I would take some fresh stuff with me, potatoes now and again early of the season I would take some fresh stuff with me, potatoes

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sometimes sometimes

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a bit of meat although that's another story we didn't have much because it all got a bit of meat although that's another story we didn't have much because it all got

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ruined on arrival. [Ingrid] What happened with- [Knowles] There's a ruined on arrival. [Ingrid] What happened with- [Knowles] There's a

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a nice story for you. Um, unfortunately we landed, uh took all the a nice story for you. Um, unfortunately we landed, uh took all the

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stores and put them into the appropriate places, meat into the freezers etc, and stores and put them into the appropriate places, meat into the freezers etc, and

9:36

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the ship departed back to Australia there we were for the winter, so what happened the ship departed back to Australia there we were for the winter, so what happened

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everyone got on the booze, including the cook who forgot that he hated the group everyone got on the booze, including the cook who forgot that he hated the group

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the year before who left the year before who left

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a terrible mess in the deep freeze which needed de-frosting. Uh, promptly decided a terrible mess in the deep freeze which needed de-frosting. Uh, promptly decided

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to defrost it and uh forgot about it for several days, and we went back to find to defrost it and uh forgot about it for several days, and we went back to find

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all our butter, our cream, our frozen vegetables, and our meat all as one all our butter, our cream, our frozen vegetables, and our meat all as one

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horrible, inedible horrible, inedible

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mess at the bottom of the deep freeze. From there on, we were onto dew-crisp mess at the bottom of the deep freeze. From there on, we were onto dew-crisp

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vegetables and any vegetables which went into the food store which could be saved, so we vegetables and any vegetables which went into the food store which could be saved, so we

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had potatoes for had potatoes for

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a long time we had citrus- citrus raps... I can't think what else [Ingrid] So you had no fresh a long time we had citrus- citrus raps... I can't think what else [Ingrid] So you had no fresh

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meat for the year other than rabbits? [Knowles] Uh, not strict- not strictly true there were there was meat for the year other than rabbits? [Knowles] Uh, not strict- not strictly true there were there was

10:37

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a second deep freeze, it was where carcasses of sheep had been stored so we had had these a second deep freeze, it was where carcasses of sheep had been stored so we had had these

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but our cook [laughs] was German, poor chap, hated the smell of lamb, would never cook but our cook [laughs] was German, poor chap, hated the smell of lamb, would never cook

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lamb for us and, um, it was all up to the Sunday cooks, which was the rest of us and we lamb for us and, um, it was all up to the Sunday cooks, which was the rest of us and we

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had had

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a fine old time we'd cut these carcasses up and we would have roast lamb and so on, and he a fine old time we'd cut these carcasses up and we would have roast lamb and so on, and he

11:02

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would take a trip down the island. But because I was a bit of would take a trip down the island. But because I was a bit of

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a field guide- sort of guide it often used to fall to me to take the cook out a field guide- sort of guide it often used to fall to me to take the cook out

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so...yeah. I used to miss out a bit, but not too much at winter time it was fine. so...yeah. I used to miss out a bit, but not too much at winter time it was fine.

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[Ingrid] What was the other meals like on the station? [Knowles] Generally pretty good he was [Ingrid] What was the other meals like on the station? [Knowles] Generally pretty good he was

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a good cook, and he managed to turn, Spam a good cook, and he managed to turn, Spam

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Which of course has another meaning now no one would recognise Spam as being tinned corned- Which of course has another meaning now no one would recognise Spam as being tinned corned-

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beef or tinned meat yeah. Ah, and there was some meat but all the choice beef or tinned meat yeah. Ah, and there was some meat but all the choice

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choice cuts had gone we didn't have all the lovely fillets and things like that choice cuts had gone we didn't have all the lovely fillets and things like that

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but yeah...uh, I felt adequately fed but yeah...uh, I felt adequately fed

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we got a bit sick of it at times. [Ingrid] Did you eat much um... meat out in the field? we got a bit sick of it at times. [Ingrid] Did you eat much um... meat out in the field?

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field, like from the rabbits? [Knowles] Um, we used to eat field, like from the rabbits? [Knowles] Um, we used to eat

12:02

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a little bit um...sometimes rabbits but- but a little bit um...sometimes rabbits but- but

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sometimes weka but you had to go hunting and we weren't great hunters every now and again sometimes weka but you had to go hunting and we weren't great hunters every now and again

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something would come our way, uh, like some animal that had to be or some bird that had to be something would come our way, uh, like some animal that had to be or some bird that had to be

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collected for science then, uh, we would save what- what was required and eat the rest collected for science then, uh, we would save what- what was required and eat the rest

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so we managed to try a few things and as I said so we managed to try a few things and as I said

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a lot of birds um, broke their wings in the aerials and we to had to chop those we ate them. a lot of birds um, broke their wings in the aerials and we to had to chop those we ate them.

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But there was still enough sheep meat for us to be able to take into the field. [Ingrid] So overall But there was still enough sheep meat for us to be able to take into the field. [Ingrid] So overall

12:44

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did you lose weight or gain weight during the year? [Knowles] Oh I lost weight I was fighting fit. did you lose weight or gain weight during the year? [Knowles] Oh I lost weight I was fighting fit.

12:50

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I was never so fit in all my life as, uh, as that year. [Ingrid] So wha- [Knowles] God knows I probably walked over a I was never so fit in all my life as, uh, as that year. [Ingrid] So wha- [Knowles] God knows I probably walked over a

12:57

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1000 kilometers on the island, and, yeah. Carried weights all the time so yeah [Ingrid] So what sort of weight- [Knowles] String bean. 1000 kilometers on the island, and, yeah. Carried weights all the time so yeah [Ingrid] So what sort of weight- [Knowles] String bean.

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[Ingrid] What sort of weights were you carrying? [Knowles] I never actually [Ingrid] What sort of weights were you carrying? [Knowles] I never actually

13:09

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weighed them but I've got to say, you know, average would probably be something like 25 kilos, weighed them but I've got to say, you know, average would probably be something like 25 kilos,

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maybe more. Uh, the heaviest I ever carried maybe more. Uh, the heaviest I ever carried

13:22

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was the part of a Petter was the part of a Petter

13:24

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diesel engine which we had to carry over the plateau to Bauer Bay, the old engine diesel engine which we had to carry over the plateau to Bauer Bay, the old engine

13:30

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there was worn out and so on, and some bright spark had the idea there was worn out and so on, and some bright spark had the idea

13:35

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it would be much better to have the Petter diesel over there, we the said Petter it would be much better to have the Petter diesel over there, we the said Petter

13:40

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diesel didn't have an electric start on it, and having carried the heaviest bit for diesel didn't have an electric start on it, and having carried the heaviest bit for

13:45

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a least half the trip over to Bauer Bay something like a least half the trip over to Bauer Bay something like

13:48

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a 110 pounds I think it weighed, uh, I could never start the damned engine. Never! a 110 pounds I think it weighed, uh, I could never start the damned engine. Never!

13:55

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Gavin Johnson was braver and he managed to pull it over. And I don't know if you were there, Ingrid Gavin Johnson was braver and he managed to pull it over. And I don't know if you were there, Ingrid

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but have you ever had a try? I think it's still there. but have you ever had a try? I think it's still there.

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Most people could not start the damned thing so it was back to, uh, liquid fuel Most people could not start the damned thing so it was back to, uh, liquid fuel

14:10

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and so on, I used to pray that we would take that- that beautiful little Briggs and Stratton and so on, I used to pray that we would take that- that beautiful little Briggs and Stratton

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generator back over, yeah. [Ingrid] So how did you carry the diesel motor over to Bauer Bay? generator back over, yeah. [Ingrid] So how did you carry the diesel motor over to Bauer Bay?

14:23

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We- we, um, made a L-Frame pack and just sat it on that so it was the block of We- we, um, made a L-Frame pack and just sat it on that so it was the block of

14:30

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the engine with straps holding it on and the rest of it was the old, you know, H-Frame of the old mountain the engine with straps holding it on and the rest of it was the old, you know, H-Frame of the old mountain

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Mule. And the other bits, um, they fitted inside the packs and they were a bit easier. Mule. And the other bits, um, they fitted inside the packs and they were a bit easier.

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And you have any particular escapades with you Mountain Mule Pack? And you have any particular escapades with you Mountain Mule Pack?

14:51

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Well I destroyed one on one occasion going into, carrying quite a Well I destroyed one on one occasion going into, carrying quite a

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weight but going down into Herd Point, normally when you go to Herd Point you arrive at the top of the beautiful weight but going down into Herd Point, normally when you go to Herd Point you arrive at the top of the beautiful

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the beautiful scree 400 feet or so straight down to the beach, scree is very soft and the beautiful scree 400 feet or so straight down to the beach, scree is very soft and

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generally you can make great leaps into it and it'll just pull you up and it's a marvelous generally you can make great leaps into it and it'll just pull you up and it's a marvelous

15:14

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way of getting down. Everybody has to run the Herd Point scree. But on one occasion I way of getting down. Everybody has to run the Herd Point scree. But on one occasion I

15:21

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made my initial 20 foot leap into space expecting to be pulled up on the scree to made my initial 20 foot leap into space expecting to be pulled up on the scree to

15:26

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find it had frozen solid and then I was in real trouble and the only way I could find it had frozen solid and then I was in real trouble and the only way I could

15:31

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stop myself and pull myself over to one side where I could get in amongst the stop myself and pull myself over to one side where I could get in amongst the

15:36

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rocks was to jam the bottom of the frame with the Mountain Mule into the scree and it rocks was to jam the bottom of the frame with the Mountain Mule into the scree and it

15:42

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wore it down wore it down

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a couple inches [laughs] as I arrested myself. Luckily I didn't take the seat out of my a couple inches [laughs] as I arrested myself. Luckily I didn't take the seat out of my

15:48

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trousers and I'm not even sure if it- if it shredded my- my jacket, I'm not trousers and I'm not even sure if it- if it shredded my- my jacket, I'm not

15:55

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sure. [Ingrid] Had you had sure. [Ingrid] Had you had

15:57

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a period of, um, field training in either the pre-departure period or when you 1st a period of, um, field training in either the pre-departure period or when you 1st

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arrived on the island? [Knowles] Oh field training yeah that was great. We, um, they decided we ought to go for arrived on the island? [Knowles] Oh field training yeah that was great. We, um, they decided we ought to go for

16:08

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field training, not to teach us how to survive at Macquarie Island or in the field training, not to teach us how to survive at Macquarie Island or in the

16:13

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Antactic but to see how we when you got on a skin full of grog so they might have had Antactic but to see how we when you got on a skin full of grog so they might have had

16:19

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more altruistic reasons for doing it but I- I'm still to be convinced but they more altruistic reasons for doing it but I- I'm still to be convinced but they

16:26

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threw us all in a bus threw us all in a bus

16:27

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and- and drive us all the way up to Woods Point, miles away to do this and- and drive us all the way up to Woods Point, miles away to do this

16:33

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and, um, then we set up camp near the Woods Point or adjacent to the Woods Point Oval and, um, then we set up camp near the Woods Point or adjacent to the Woods Point Oval

16:39

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set up our- our little, um, little tents, our little beige tents set up our- our little, um, little tents, our little beige tents

16:47

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coupl'a polar pyramids and any old tent that they could find and we went to sleep out in that coupl'a polar pyramids and any old tent that they could find and we went to sleep out in that

16:52

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and then we did a few, you know, how to tie knots and a couple of lectures on and then we did a few, you know, how to tie knots and a couple of lectures on

16:57

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how to get yourself out of a crevasse without any crevasses in sight, and then we were left how to get yourself out of a crevasse without any crevasses in sight, and then we were left

17:04

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to our own- oh and how to cook to our own- oh and how to cook

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a on a little field stove and then left to our own devices well, at which point pub was incredibly a on a little field stove and then left to our own devices well, at which point pub was incredibly

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inviting and [laughs] people shot off to the Woods Point Pub. inviting and [laughs] people shot off to the Woods Point Pub.

17:18

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Might've gone self. Ahh, anyway next morning Might've gone self. Ahh, anyway next morning

17:22

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there were a few sore heads and they decided that we had to go and do our traditional hike so we headed there were a few sore heads and they decided that we had to go and do our traditional hike so we headed

17:27

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off into some sort of track around Woods Point, and back in time to be herded onto the bus off into some sort of track around Woods Point, and back in time to be herded onto the bus

17:33

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and taken home again so, that was field training. [Ingrid] Did you do any other training and taken home again so, that was field training. [Ingrid] Did you do any other training

17:40

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in other areas before you went dow south? [Knowles] uh, oh well yes I'd forgotten in other areas before you went dow south? [Knowles] uh, oh well yes I'd forgotten

17:46

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about the- the wonderful lectures that went on for about the- the wonderful lectures that went on for

17:50

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a week at head office there at 568 St. Kilda Road a week at head office there at 568 St. Kilda Road

17:54

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where you, you'd sit and everybody would come along and lecture you on all sorts of where you, you'd sit and everybody would come along and lecture you on all sorts of

17:59

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things and, gave a few lectures myself on the biology of Macquarie Island, having things and, gave a few lectures myself on the biology of Macquarie Island, having

18:06

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been there been there

18:06

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a couple of times before and what the biology programs were like but, cause biology a couple of times before and what the biology programs were like but, cause biology

18:11

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wasn't wasn't

18:11

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a major subject in the Antarctic Division so it didn't get much, much time in those days there a major subject in the Antarctic Division so it didn't get much, much time in those days there

18:18

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was no Chief Biologist in the division, there were only the, um physical scientists so there was was no Chief Biologist in the division, there were only the, um physical scientists so there was

18:25

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glaciologist, upper-atmosphere physics, uh, and glaciologist, upper-atmosphere physics, uh, and

18:28

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?cosmic ray? physics and they had extensive lectures on what was going on in the Antarctic but not terribly ?cosmic ray? physics and they had extensive lectures on what was going on in the Antarctic but not terribly

18:35

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relevant to Macquarie Island. There was relevant to Macquarie Island. There was

18:37

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a few lectures on photography. And I remember one a few lectures on photography. And I remember one

18:44

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classic lecture on- on- on photography by- this was classic lecture on- on- on photography by- this was

18:48

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a couple of years later but it amounts to much the same, on photography and the fact a couple of years later but it amounts to much the same, on photography and the fact

18:54

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that they appointed a Chief Photographer for each station, but the Chief Photographer was Jutta that they appointed a Chief Photographer for each station, but the Chief Photographer was Jutta

19:00

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Hosel, who spoke marvellous English but there were Hosel, who spoke marvellous English but there were

19:07

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a few idioms that escaped her and, uh, she made a few idioms that escaped her and, uh, she made

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a point of telling the exp- chief- oh sorry the um a point of telling the exp- chief- oh sorry the um

19:16

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allotted photographer on the ships to make sure they took plenty of photographs allotted photographer on the ships to make sure they took plenty of photographs

19:21

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as the ship went down. Which cheered everybody up no end at the thought. as the ship went down. Which cheered everybody up no end at the thought.

19:28

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Did you do any training to assist the doctor or with Fire team or with search and Did you do any training to assist the doctor or with Fire team or with search and

19:32

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rescues, other roles in station? [Knowles] Personally I- I didn't do any of those things because I rescues, other roles in station? [Knowles] Personally I- I didn't do any of those things because I

19:38

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was all tied up, up with science but of course they did have this kind of training people was all tied up, up with science but of course they did have this kind of training people

19:43

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were sent off to the Royal Melbourne were sent off to the Royal Melbourne

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Hospital to learn to be theatre nurses and, uh, anaesthetists, and off to the Hospital to learn to be theatre nurses and, uh, anaesthetists, and off to the

19:53

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dental school to learn to be dentists, I'm sure they did dental school to learn to be dentists, I'm sure they did

19:58

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a lot of very good training. [Ingrid] Well you mentioned that the couple of times when your a lot of very good training. [Ingrid] Well you mentioned that the couple of times when your

20:02

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doctor needed assistance it was actually you who helped him either stitching up his doctor needed assistance it was actually you who helped him either stitching up his

20:06

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hand or doing his teeth. [Knowles] Yes. [Ingrid] How did you know what to do? [Knowles] Ah, yes, poor old Joe hand or doing his teeth. [Knowles] Yes. [Ingrid] How did you know what to do? [Knowles] Ah, yes, poor old Joe

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well, um, luckily I'd spent 5 years in medical research at the Children's Hospital in Melbourne well, um, luckily I'd spent 5 years in medical research at the Children's Hospital in Melbourne

20:20

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and that included quite and that included quite

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a lot of time in theatre. Ah, I was there to catch the bits as the surgeons would give me a lot of time in theatre. Ah, I was there to catch the bits as the surgeons would give me

20:29

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little bits of intestine or gut or whatever that I was working on, so I'd seen that and little bits of intestine or gut or whatever that I was working on, so I'd seen that and

20:35

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I had I had

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a little bit of experience of stitching up rats and various things, not humans I a little bit of experience of stitching up rats and various things, not humans I

20:41

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hasten to add [laughs]. So I'd seen a little bit of that and knew hasten to add [laughs]. So I'd seen a little bit of that and knew

20:45

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a little bit about it. Um, but when it happened I had this phone call a little bit about it. Um, but when it happened I had this phone call

20:53

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from the surgery to the biology lab, "Knowles if you're not doing anything would you mind just, uh, from the surgery to the biology lab, "Knowles if you're not doing anything would you mind just, uh,

20:59

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slipping up there's something I'd like to talk to you about." There was the doctor with slipping up there's something I'd like to talk to you about." There was the doctor with

21:04

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his index finger and thumb a little bit of his index finger and thumb a little bit of

21:10

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the hand in shreds he'd managed to get it into the buzzer or planing machine in the- in the the hand in shreds he'd managed to get it into the buzzer or planing machine in the- in the

21:15

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carpenters workshop. And uh, yeah, he he was shocked out of his brain, but he still carpenters workshop. And uh, yeah, he he was shocked out of his brain, but he still

21:22

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managed to, to help me with the, um, anesthetics and so on so. Then I set managed to, to help me with the, um, anesthetics and so on so. Then I set

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to and under his, uh, sort of dubious instructions managed to stitch it all up to and under his, uh, sort of dubious instructions managed to stitch it all up

21:35

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and pull it all together and, stick it together as best I could so that went alright. But he and pull it all together and, stick it together as best I could so that went alright. But he

21:40

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did have another problem, just for the record he had an inguinal hernia. Which he did have another problem, just for the record he had an inguinal hernia. Which he

21:47

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spent several months down there trying to ensure that he didn't get strangulated spent several months down there trying to ensure that he didn't get strangulated

21:53

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and we had him on his back but I was prepped up in case I had to actually assist and we had him on his back but I was prepped up in case I had to actually assist

21:59

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him in that so that was a very interesting time. [Ingrid] So you actually had him in that so that was a very interesting time. [Ingrid] So you actually had

22:03

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a period where he had a lot a period where he had a lot

22:04

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of abdominal pain and nausea and vomiting and... [Knowles] All of those things, which he of abdominal pain and nausea and vomiting and... [Knowles] All of those things, which he

22:10

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diagnosed he didn't- didn't come to me to diagnosed he didn't- didn't come to me to

22:12

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do diagnosis stuff. And he said I'm in trouble. Now, Des Lugg was probably the do diagnosis stuff. And he said I'm in trouble. Now, Des Lugg was probably the

22:19

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medical officer back at the Division I'm quite sure, it could of been Frank Soucheck still medical officer back at the Division I'm quite sure, it could of been Frank Soucheck still

22:23

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at that stage, ah, who were getting all very worried about it and, uh, they were at that stage, ah, who were getting all very worried about it and, uh, they were

22:30

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wether or not they send a ship down to wether or not they send a ship down to

22:31

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pull him out or, and that was very difficult at that time the ships weren't around, it pull him out or, and that was very difficult at that time the ships weren't around, it

22:36

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would have been would have been

22:36

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Navy again, and then how to get him off the island, so, yep, that was very Navy again, and then how to get him off the island, so, yep, that was very

22:42

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interesting time. And the other thing poor Joe did was have a interesting time. And the other thing poor Joe did was have a

22:46

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um, very bad tooth, which I had to drill and fill um, very bad tooth, which I had to drill and fill

22:54

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and he taught me how to do that, while in agony, using a seal's tooth, and the old and he taught me how to do that, while in agony, using a seal's tooth, and the old

22:59

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fashioned, very slow, drill, so I couldn't get myself into trouble too quickly. [Ingrid] How did you fashioned, very slow, drill, so I couldn't get myself into trouble too quickly. [Ingrid] How did you

23:05

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go? [Knowles] I went very well, in fact I was complimented by the dentist when he came back go? [Knowles] I went very well, in fact I was complimented by the dentist when he came back

23:10

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uh, when Joe returned the dentist who, uh filled it uh, when Joe returned the dentist who, uh filled it

23:15

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on my zinc oxide dressing he thought it was a on my zinc oxide dressing he thought it was a

23:18

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a masterful job. So, Joe rang me up specially to tell me. So there you go, Ingrid. a masterful job. So, Joe rang me up specially to tell me. So there you go, Ingrid.

23:25

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I'll bet you're glad that never happened to you, or did it? [Ingrid] No, it didn't. [Knowles] The lot I'll bet you're glad that never happened to you, or did it? [Ingrid] No, it didn't. [Knowles] The lot

23:30

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of the doctor. [Ingrid] I'm aware that while you were down there, Brent Sellick of the doctor. [Ingrid] I'm aware that while you were down there, Brent Sellick

23:37

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was killed, are you comfortable about talking about that? was killed, are you comfortable about talking about that?

23:41

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What actually happened? [Knowles] Yeah, uh, Brent Sellick he was the, I think he was What actually happened? [Knowles] Yeah, uh, Brent Sellick he was the, I think he was

23:47

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the Met Observer and the youngest member of the party. Um, this happened in my the Met Observer and the youngest member of the party. Um, this happened in my

23:54

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so I stayed on for the 2nd summer so Brenton came in, I didn't get to know him very well, but so I stayed on for the 2nd summer so Brenton came in, I didn't get to know him very well, but

23:60

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he and he and

24:01

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a colleague, um, Bob Gould, um, were walking around North a colleague, um, Bob Gould, um, were walking around North

24:08

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Heads, so they walked Heads, so they walked

24:09

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clockwise around North Head, through ?Catchme? and around the Cave and clockwise around North Head, through ?Catchme? and around the Cave and

24:14

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continued round until they got to North Head itself until they couldn't go any continued round until they got to North Head itself until they couldn't go any

24:19

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further. Um, Bob was always further. Um, Bob was always

24:22

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a bit wary of the hillsides because he'd been down before with Gavin and myself and a bit wary of the hillsides because he'd been down before with Gavin and myself and

24:27

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he knew what the hillsides were like but Brent was young and enthusiastic, and he wasn't he knew what the hillsides were like but Brent was young and enthusiastic, and he wasn't

24:34

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anxious to actually cli- uh, go all the way back it's quite anxious to actually cli- uh, go all the way back it's quite

24:38

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a journey around as you know. And so he started to climb up the slope getting up the hill he's a journey around as you know. And so he started to climb up the slope getting up the hill he's

24:44

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going to climb up onto the saddle leading out to the point, and going to climb up onto the saddle leading out to the point, and

24:51

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poor old Bob was down there yelling "Don't do it! Come back! Come back!" and- and uh I mean this poor old Bob was down there yelling "Don't do it! Come back! Come back!" and- and uh I mean this

24:56

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is what Bob told me since and Brent said "Alright, it's alright, I know about these things" and is what Bob told me since and Brent said "Alright, it's alright, I know about these things" and

25:01

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Bob said to him "Don't, come back". And Brent, um, hand- uh, tried to grab hold Bob said to him "Don't, come back". And Brent, um, hand- uh, tried to grab hold

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of the rocks and they come in his hand and he turned around in midair and of the rocks and they come in his hand and he turned around in midair and

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draped himself across draped himself across

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a large boulder on the beach so that, you know, it really crushed ?his head? and so on I never a large boulder on the beach so that, you know, it really crushed ?his head? and so on I never

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saw, um, the body, so I don't know the details, nor was I terribly interested to find out saw, um, the body, so I don't know the details, nor was I terribly interested to find out

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later, but we then had to get him out. Bob rushed back, and came in quite later, but we then had to get him out. Bob rushed back, and came in quite

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a lather of sweat back into the camp saying what had happened that we had to get him a lather of sweat back into the camp saying what had happened that we had to get him

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out so then we, um, mounted a rescue mission for him. Uh, and went out so then we, um, mounted a rescue mission for him. Uh, and went

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up over the hill and then up over the hill and then

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a party went around the bottom, uh, again to be on the bottom to get the stretcher. And the a party went around the bottom, uh, again to be on the bottom to get the stretcher. And the

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doctor went there I think and, uh, I went up over the top with the stretcher party doctor went there I think and, uh, I went up over the top with the stretcher party

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so, and in the end we- we pulled him up on the so, and in the end we- we pulled him up on the

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stretcher and pulled him up the hill and then brought him down. Rather difficult getting him up stretcher and pulled him up the hill and then brought him down. Rather difficult getting him up

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in those days, uh, it was quite in those days, uh, it was quite

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a haul to get a-a , you know, a dead weight, as they say up the top and then coming down th- the track a haul to get a-a , you know, a dead weight, as they say up the top and then coming down th- the track

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was it was was it was

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a nightmare cause you know the tracks like, coming down off- off North Head down to the a nightmare cause you know the tracks like, coming down off- off North Head down to the

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surgery. Hmm. [Ingrid] So how did that affect the base? [Knowles] Everybody was very surgery. Hmm. [Ingrid] So how did that affect the base? [Knowles] Everybody was very

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sad, but nobody had got to know Brent very well I think, and so. They were sad that sad, but nobody had got to know Brent very well I think, and so. They were sad that

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he was he was

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a young man and cut down and his prime, but people were- took it I think a young man and cut down and his prime, but people were- took it I think

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very well indeed. N-I- I don't think it wrecked the party at all, if it had very well indeed. N-I- I don't think it wrecked the party at all, if it had

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happened later on when he was more integrated in the party I think it would have happened later on when he was more integrated in the party I think it would have

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affected morale considerably but of course at that stage, there were few things about it that affected morale considerably but of course at that stage, there were few things about it that

27:04

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they made Reg Hopley the, the carpenter, made a coffin and you can imagine that was they made Reg Hopley the, the carpenter, made a coffin and you can imagine that was

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made with great care and love by the party. And, they lined it with the baise made with great care and love by the party. And, they lined it with the baise

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that was sent down to redo the billiard table and they put him in the coffin and then put him in that was sent down to redo the billiard table and they put him in the coffin and then put him in

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the freezer. Um, the Thala Dan was then diverted the freezer. Um, the Thala Dan was then diverted

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to take him off, and then when the time came we, uh, took him to take him off, and then when the time came we, uh, took him

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down to the landing beach on the trailer towed by the fergie. down to the landing beach on the trailer towed by the fergie.

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and sat around on the beach, uh, just waiting for the Thala and they sent a boat in and we put the coffin and sat around on the beach, uh, just waiting for the Thala and they sent a boat in and we put the coffin

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in and sent it out and that was the last we saw of it and we were just sitting in and sent it out and that was the last we saw of it and we were just sitting

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around on the beach. So, yeah, then it went back and the parents took care of it all around on the beach. So, yeah, then it went back and the parents took care of it all

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so, the thing I think I'm told so, the thing I think I'm told

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so it's only hearsay and it'd be rather sad for the parents of Brent, but they- when they so it's only hearsay and it'd be rather sad for the parents of Brent, but they- when they

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got him back to put him into a got him back to put him into a

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a brand new coffin, not understanding what had happened and what had gone into a brand new coffin, not understanding what had happened and what had gone into

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making the other one, and so that really upset the party, they, I think, went to pieces a bit making the other one, and so that really upset the party, they, I think, went to pieces a bit

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at that. But, on another lighter side it was the first case of really severe at that. But, on another lighter side it was the first case of really severe

28:34

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sunburn on Macquarie Island, the day that they took the coffin off was quite hot and people were lying on the beach sunburn on Macquarie Island, the day that they took the coffin off was quite hot and people were lying on the beach

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sun-baking, and, Mike McDowell who was well know later on sun-baking, and, Mike McDowell who was well know later on

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for leading a lot of the, uh, tourist expedition down south was there for leading a lot of the, uh, tourist expedition down south was there

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sun-baking in the altogether and got [laughs] severely sunburned, so, that's a funny old side of it. sun-baking in the altogether and got [laughs] severely sunburned, so, that's a funny old side of it.

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I think that was I think that was

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a bit of leavening for the party as well. [Ingrid] Did you have many celebrations during the year, a bit of leavening for the party as well. [Ingrid] Did you have many celebrations during the year,

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or particularly special occasions? [Knowles] There was the usual ding or particularly special occasions? [Knowles] There was the usual ding

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nights, uh, there was always a bit of nights, uh, there was always a bit of

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a party night on- on Saturdays. Um, once a party night on- on Saturdays. Um, once

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a month we'd have a bit better party, mid-winter was a- was a big a month we'd have a bit better party, mid-winter was a- was a big

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a big affair. Uh, then parties tapered off because a big affair. Uh, then parties tapered off because

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we had a problem again with one of the chaps there and- and we had a problem again with one of the chaps there and- and

29:38

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drink, and smashing up the place, so we- we tapered the parties off a drink, and smashing up the place, so we- we tapered the parties off a

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a little bit and um, I won't go into that one too much you know lots of things that happen on the island a little bit and um, I won't go into that one too much you know lots of things that happen on the island

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stay on the island. [Ingrid] Yep ?unintelligible? So your mid-winter celebrations, what did that involve? stay on the island. [Ingrid] Yep ?unintelligible? So your mid-winter celebrations, what did that involve?

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Well we, we had a- had a Well we, we had a- had a

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dinner, um, the mess was, uh, decorated as best we could with flags and bits dinner, um, the mess was, uh, decorated as best we could with flags and bits

30:11

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and pieces that we had, few things have been brought down and pieces that we had, few things have been brought down

30:15

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for mid-winter and they were all brought out. Uh, the tables sheets were put on the tables and they were decorated for mid-winter and they were all brought out. Uh, the tables sheets were put on the tables and they were decorated

30:22

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best we could for mid-winter and, uh, menus were developed. Um, which are best we could for mid-winter and, uh, menus were developed. Um, which are

30:29

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rather nice, ah, and after that we had the traditional Cinderella play rather nice, ah, and after that we had the traditional Cinderella play

30:36

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and, um, uh, yes, there were programmes produced for that and and, um, uh, yes, there were programmes produced for that and

30:42

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various, uh, literary reviews of it had been written. Yeah various, uh, literary reviews of it had been written. Yeah

30:49

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and I had the honor of playing sister Gerty, in drag of course. and I had the honor of playing sister Gerty, in drag of course.

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[Ingrid] It would be most attractive. [laughs][Knowles] Most attractive indeed! Most attractive as I recall with [Ingrid] It would be most attractive. [laughs][Knowles] Most attractive indeed! Most attractive as I recall with

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with with

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a big bushy beard and a cigar. And, um, hair made from a big bushy beard and a cigar. And, um, hair made from

31:09

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from from

31:09

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a mop. I can't remember, uh, what Gerty looked like. The Stewed a mop. I can't remember, uh, what Gerty looked like. The Stewed

31:16

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Prince, Gavin Johnson, my- my biology colleague played the Stewed Prince. He- he looked Prince, Gavin Johnson, my- my biology colleague played the Stewed Prince. He- he looked

31:23

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rather like Superman with a crown. Fairy Godmother rather like Superman with a crown. Fairy Godmother

31:29

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was, uh, Joe Whitehouse, our Doctor. Oh yeah. was, uh, Joe Whitehouse, our Doctor. Oh yeah.

31:37

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With a seal penis bone as- as a With a seal penis bone as- as a

31:39

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magic wand, magic looking thing is about a foot long I think from an elephant seal. magic wand, magic looking thing is about a foot long I think from an elephant seal.

31:45

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Uh, anyway, that- that...I can't think what happened to the rest but there you go. So that Uh, anyway, that- that...I can't think what happened to the rest but there you go. So that

31:51

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was mid-winter [Ingrid] Did you have a mid-winter swim? [Knowles] Ah yes, we had was mid-winter [Ingrid] Did you have a mid-winter swim? [Knowles] Ah yes, we had

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a mid-winter swim. And it was a competition with Campbell Island to see how many would go in. a mid-winter swim. And it was a competition with Campbell Island to see how many would go in.

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for a dip, and we won by far. uh, it was all cause um, for a dip, and we won by far. uh, it was all cause um,

32:11

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a nude swim of course, which gave rise to the Blue Balls Club, a nude swim of course, which gave rise to the Blue Balls Club,

32:18

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which later came to being, much later, when we had a problem which later came to being, much later, when we had a problem

32:23

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when of course women went swimming as well, and then it came to the Blue Boobs Club I think. when of course women went swimming as well, and then it came to the Blue Boobs Club I think.

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So there you go, that started I think in our year. Uh, Joe Whitehouse So there you go, that started I think in our year. Uh, Joe Whitehouse

32:35

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um, looked very splendid in a polka dot bikini, painted on, of course. um, looked very splendid in a polka dot bikini, painted on, of course.

32:43

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[Ingrid] Did you take many costumes down there for fancy dress or...? [Knowles] No, I don't believe so. Someone [Ingrid] Did you take many costumes down there for fancy dress or...? [Knowles] No, I don't believe so. Someone

32:50

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took a took a

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bra down with a notice says, 'Lest We Forget', but I don't [laughs] remember much- much else somethings had bra down with a notice says, 'Lest We Forget', but I don't [laughs] remember much- much else somethings had

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been provided and there was quite an array been provided and there was quite an array

32:58

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of sort of stuff down there but I don't recall our mob doing it very much. Might have to look at the of sort of stuff down there but I don't recall our mob doing it very much. Might have to look at the

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photographs to see. [Ingrid] You mentioned that women were starting to come down onto Macquarie Island photographs to see. [Ingrid] You mentioned that women were starting to come down onto Macquarie Island

33:10

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and there'd been scientists there I think in the '69 summer. Did you have much and there'd been scientists there I think in the '69 summer. Did you have much

33:16

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contact with women while you were down there from a work capacity? [Knowles] Well, on Macquaire contact with women while you were down there from a work capacity? [Knowles] Well, on Macquaire

33:22

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um, yes, I- I had, well quite a lot to do because by and large I was down there um, yes, I- I had, well quite a lot to do because by and large I was down there

33:29

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when Liz Chipman and, um, Jutta Hosel came down. And I took them into the when Liz Chipman and, um, Jutta Hosel came down. And I took them into the

33:36

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field, particularly Jutta, she travelled a lot with me, took a lot field, particularly Jutta, she travelled a lot with me, took a lot

33:40

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of photographs with me, which- which was marvellous. She was great, she pioneered of photographs with me, which- which was marvellous. She was great, she pioneered

33:45

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paper panties for girls, and, um said "This is the answer, I don't have to wash," paper panties for girls, and, um said "This is the answer, I don't have to wash,"

33:51

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but unfortunately she'd forgotten about the Macquarie Island climate and they disintegrated before she but unfortunately she'd forgotten about the Macquarie Island climate and they disintegrated before she

33:56

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she even got as far as Bauer Bay so, that wasn't very she even got as far as Bauer Bay so, that wasn't very

33:59

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[Ingrid] Practical [laughs] [Knowles] Practical solution to the whole damned thing. [Ingrid] Practical [laughs] [Knowles] Practical solution to the whole damned thing.

34:07

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Then- then quite a lot of course we had, uh, I forget her name now who over-wintered Then- then quite a lot of course we had, uh, I forget her name now who over-wintered

34:14

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1st. [Ingrid] Zoe Gard-. [Knowles] Zoe Gardener! Exactly! Yeah, yeah, she- she was great 1st. [Ingrid] Zoe Gard-. [Knowles] Zoe Gardener! Exactly! Yeah, yeah, she- she was great

34:21

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value down there. [Ingrid] So was the attitude of the men to the concept of women coming down there value down there. [Ingrid] So was the attitude of the men to the concept of women coming down there

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to work, given that they hadn't been down there to work, given that they hadn't been down there

34:30

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previously? [Knowles] ?unintelligable? I- I'm in a difficult previously? [Knowles] ?unintelligable? I- I'm in a difficult

34:37

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position in some respects because, uh, my wife, Liz, went to work on position in some respects because, uh, my wife, Liz, went to work on

34:43

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Macquarie Island in fact she got her Phd Macquarie Island in fact she got her Phd

34:45

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from work she did while- while spending Summer and round trips on Macquarie Island from work she did while- while spending Summer and round trips on Macquarie Island

34:53

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I was very much in favor of women going, and very cross with I was very much in favor of women going, and very cross with

34:58

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a lot of the rubbish which had been put out about women going to the Antarctic so a lot of the rubbish which had been put out about women going to the Antarctic so

35:05

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I- our group, there were 2 or 3 who said women shouldn't go and ?unintelligable? I- our group, there were 2 or 3 who said women shouldn't go and ?unintelligable?

35:11

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and the usual, stupid conversations, but I think most people were all in favour and the usual, stupid conversations, but I think most people were all in favour

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of it. It makes for a-a more normal community and I certainly was and I did of it. It makes for a-a more normal community and I certainly was and I did

35:25

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my darnedest to to get that to happen in fact I think right Ray Garot finally I my darnedest to to get that to happen in fact I think right Ray Garot finally I

35:31

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had him talked around that it was a good idea but we had had him talked around that it was a good idea but we had

35:35

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a lot of trouble in the early days this was just after I, I'd over wintered and came back and a lot of trouble in the early days this was just after I, I'd over wintered and came back and

35:40

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Jutta Hosel, was the Chief Photographer, wanted to go to the Antarctic and she get kept Jutta Hosel, was the Chief Photographer, wanted to go to the Antarctic and she get kept

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getting knocked back time after time and he asked her, um, said to her "Well getting knocked back time after time and he asked her, um, said to her "Well

35:52

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I'm sorry I'm sorry

35:52

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you can't go," and finally in exasperation she said "Why can't I go?" and- and he said "Well you can't go," and finally in exasperation she said "Why can't I go?" and- and he said "Well

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among other things that are not toilet facilities" and she came out with among other things that are not toilet facilities" and she came out with

36:02

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a famous statement "Well, I don't care I'll wait till I get back" which has been pinched a famous statement "Well, I don't care I'll wait till I get back" which has been pinched

36:07

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by Tim Bone that story and it was mine because I was there [laughs]. [Ingrid] It's a good one-liner [laughs] by Tim Bone that story and it was mine because I was there [laughs]. [Ingrid] It's a good one-liner [laughs]

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It's a fabulous one-liner and it got people that think a lot It's a fabulous one-liner and it got people that think a lot

36:16

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after that and then, then Mrs Robb and Jutta and Liz Chipman after that and then, then Mrs Robb and Jutta and Liz Chipman

36:23

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and, and I forget who the other one was, so 4 women actually went to Casey and, and I forget who the other one was, so 4 women actually went to Casey

36:28

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Station and that sort of next year, Liz went Station and that sort of next year, Liz went

36:33

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and she became the 1st woman scientist to go with an ANARE to the Antarctic and she became the 1st woman scientist to go with an ANARE to the Antarctic

36:38

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although she'd been although she'd been

36:39

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at Macquarie. [Ingrid] So what were the accommodation and the, I guess the ablution facilities like on at Macquarie. [Ingrid] So what were the accommodation and the, I guess the ablution facilities like on

36:45

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Macquarie Island back in 1970? [Knowles] Look they were pretty, uh, pretty good Macquarie Island back in 1970? [Knowles] Look they were pretty, uh, pretty good

36:51

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and, and they could be easily made. Such that- that women and men could could be and, and they could be easily made. Such that- that women and men could could be

36:58

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separated. Um, we had 2 lots, in 1970 we had the 2 lots of separated. Um, we had 2 lots, in 1970 we had the 2 lots of

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accommodation blocks. The Kings and the Royals I think it was. Anyway, accommodation blocks. The Kings and the Royals I think it was. Anyway,

37:13

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So that was possible. [Ingrid] So that was the- [Knowles] The Doctor's Surgery had a, had a shower and So that was possible. [Ingrid] So that was the- [Knowles] The Doctor's Surgery had a, had a shower and

37:19

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a toilet in it and so as far as women medicos were concerned that a toilet in it and so as far as women medicos were concerned that

37:25

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was Ok, now, but what they did when they decided to have women down there as part of the was Ok, now, but what they did when they decided to have women down there as part of the

37:31

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normal expeditions they put up a whole new women's quarters on Macquarie so normal expeditions they put up a whole new women's quarters on Macquarie so

37:38

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[Ingrid] What quarters were they? [Knowles] Uh, well, they just [Ingrid] What quarters were they? [Knowles] Uh, well, they just

37:43

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became the married quarters, Rod and Jeannie became the married quarters, Rod and Jeannie

37:45

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Ledingham stayed there, they were going to be separate, you know, Jeannie in the Ledingham stayed there, they were going to be separate, you know, Jeannie in the

37:52

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in the women's quarters and Rod was going to stay with the men and people were so incensed in the women's quarters and Rod was going to stay with the men and people were so incensed

37:56

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that- about that they made them a that- about that they made them a

37:58

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a double bed and said "Sleep in that, it's, you know, the Married Quarters" so uh, it was a great a double bed and said "Sleep in that, it's, you know, the Married Quarters" so uh, it was a great

38:04

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So where abouts did ,um, the expeditioners sleep? Did they have Southern Aurora dongers? So where abouts did ,um, the expeditioners sleep? Did they have Southern Aurora dongers?

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Garden Cove [Knowles] Yep [Ingrid] Where- what was your sort of Garden Cove [Knowles] Yep [Ingrid] Where- what was your sort of

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arrangement for you? [Knowles] I- I was in dongers in the newer arrangement for you? [Knowles] I- I was in dongers in the newer

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one, ah, but they were still just cubicles with a, with one, ah, but they were still just cubicles with a, with

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a curtain across and the bunks were sitting atop of a curtain across and the bunks were sitting atop of

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a whole series of shelves with a whole series of shelves with

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a drawer right at the bottom and to the right of that was a drawer right at the bottom and to the right of that was

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a desk, uh, again under- under the other part of the bed and I understand a little reading light a desk, uh, again under- under the other part of the bed and I understand a little reading light

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over it and that was your quarters, you could barely push the chair back over it and that was your quarters, you could barely push the chair back

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against the wall, but, uh, if you managed had too many drinks- oh there was against the wall, but, uh, if you managed had too many drinks- oh there was

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a little ladder up the side and too many drinks so you missed climbing up the ladder you'd a little ladder up the side and too many drinks so you missed climbing up the ladder you'd

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climb up the shelves and you'd end up on the floor and everything you owned on climb up the shelves and you'd end up on the floor and everything you owned on

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top of you, where everyone would help you to sleep. [laughs] [Ingrid] Kind [Knowles]Pull the blankets down top of you, where everyone would help you to sleep. [laughs] [Ingrid] Kind [Knowles]Pull the blankets down

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from the top and drape them over, yes, many from the top and drape them over, yes, many

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a person, not me, I might add. Don't think I ever did that. [Ingrid] Did you [Knowles] I might have done a person, not me, I might add. Don't think I ever did that. [Ingrid] Did you [Knowles] I might have done

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other things, Ingrid, I'm not pure. [Ingrid] Were there any other sort of major other things, Ingrid, I'm not pure. [Ingrid] Were there any other sort of major

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recreational interests? Cause you mentioned the billiard table? [Knowles] Never recreational interests? Cause you mentioned the billiard table? [Knowles] Never

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play billiards with the Slushie, that was the rule, cause the Slushie, who would be helping the cook play billiards with the Slushie, that was the rule, cause the Slushie, who would be helping the cook

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would have would have

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a lot of free time on their hands, I mean they had to clean the dongers out and the toilets a lot of free time on their hands, I mean they had to clean the dongers out and the toilets

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and help the cook, but there was still tons of time and you'd spend it as and help the cook, but there was still tons of time and you'd spend it as

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Slushie, uh, playing Billiards or Snooker. So you Slushie, uh, playing Billiards or Snooker. So you

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got pretty good. So, so that was the- that was the got pretty good. So, so that was the- that was the

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idea; Never get suckered into playing the slushy, particularly if you put money on it idea; Never get suckered into playing the slushy, particularly if you put money on it

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you were gonna lose. [Ingrid] So where was the billiard table kept Knowles? [Knowles] Ok, in the main the main you were gonna lose. [Ingrid] So where was the billiard table kept Knowles? [Knowles] Ok, in the main the main

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recreation room. I don't think it...I'm not sure recreation room. I don't think it...I'm not sure

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if it changed at all but anyway to me, there was the main recreation room up one end if it changed at all but anyway to me, there was the main recreation room up one end

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of it was the bar, along both walls were bookshelves of it was the bar, along both walls were bookshelves

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at one end was, opposite to the bar was the entrance to the at one end was, opposite to the bar was the entrance to the

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kitchen, then there was the projection room, uh which was kitchen, then there was the projection room, uh which was

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for the 16 millimeter projector, and then there was the other door out- outside, and for the 16 millimeter projector, and then there was the other door out- outside, and

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outside was your little boxes in which your beer ration was put. The billiard- the over outside was your little boxes in which your beer ration was put. The billiard- the over

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wintering party in my year was wintering party in my year was

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18 of which, hardly ever 18 there as a lot of people would be in the field, they could be fitted on 18 of which, hardly ever 18 there as a lot of people would be in the field, they could be fitted on

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2 sets of tables, I think it was in fact 4 tables set up as 2 lots of 2 2 sets of tables, I think it was in fact 4 tables set up as 2 lots of 2

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then was the billiard table, which was a then was the billiard table, which was a

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full-size billiard table was set at the back, so [Ingrid] At the bar end. full-size billiard table was set at the back, so [Ingrid] At the bar end.

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At the bar end, yep. And oh, beside the bar was At the bar end, yep. And oh, beside the bar was

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a piano. [Ingrid] You mentioned there was a projection room was that a piano. [Ingrid] You mentioned there was a projection room was that

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a separate room adjacent to the kitchen? [Knowles] Yeah, there was a separate room adjacent to the kitchen? [Knowles] Yeah, there was

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a- a, uh, hallway I guess, from the mess room a- a, uh, hallway I guess, from the mess room

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through to the kitchen, a little narrow hallway, and that was where the wash up through to the kitchen, a little narrow hallway, and that was where the wash up

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sink was and one side of that, the other side of the hallway was sort of racks of plates sink was and one side of that, the other side of the hallway was sort of racks of plates

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things like that. Beside that, taking up the rest of the volume of the kitchen, going to things like that. Beside that, taking up the rest of the volume of the kitchen, going to

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the far wall of the mess, which would be the South wall of the mess was the projection the far wall of the mess, which would be the South wall of the mess was the projection

41:46

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room, which was, had nice little slots with glass on them to project through just room, which was, had nice little slots with glass on them to project through just

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like an old fashioned movie theatre. Ah, and room to store like an old fashioned movie theatre. Ah, and room to store

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a few films that we had I think somewhere around 120 16mm films, and these were all a few films that we had I think somewhere around 120 16mm films, and these were all

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stored over in Missen Hut across the way in their octagonal canisters. stored over in Missen Hut across the way in their octagonal canisters.

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[Ingrid] And what were your favorite films during the year? [Knowles] What was my [Ingrid] And what were your favorite films during the year? [Knowles] What was my

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film, God we had lots and we had them over and over again. Being a sometime film, God we had lots and we had them over and over again. Being a sometime

42:26

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farmer, 'Sheepman' with Glenn Ford wasn't bad. Ah, I'm just trying to think we saw them farmer, 'Sheepman' with Glenn Ford wasn't bad. Ah, I'm just trying to think we saw them

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so many times, 'Raintree County' we saw a lot. so many times, 'Raintree County' we saw a lot.

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that we could actually turn the sand off and play 'Raintree County' that we could actually turn the sand off and play 'Raintree County'

42:44

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And we had marvelous films I mean, you should have asked what was my favorite film star And we had marvelous films I mean, you should have asked what was my favorite film star

42:49

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Cyd Charisse by a long Cyd Charisse by a long

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a long way! [Ingrid laughs]. But Ann Miller wasn't too bad either. a long way! [Ingrid laughs]. But Ann Miller wasn't too bad either.

42:58

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Not to be outdone though, Glenn Ford, Eddie Murphy. Uh, who- who were the rest Not to be outdone though, Glenn Ford, Eddie Murphy. Uh, who- who were the rest

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blokes we used to have. But, we used to, late at night when everyone else had gone to bed, blokes we used to have. But, we used to, late at night when everyone else had gone to bed,

43:11

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we used to have some Russian films, 'Swan Lake' the ballet which was fabulous, I'd love to have we used to have some Russian films, 'Swan Lake' the ballet which was fabulous, I'd love to have

43:17

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a a

43:17

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a copy of that now. 'And Quiet Flows The Don' 'The Brothers Karamazov', I think we a copy of that now. 'And Quiet Flows The Don' 'The Brothers Karamazov', I think we

43:24

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had 2 reels with the 3 of that. Uh, yeah what else did we have? had 2 reels with the 3 of that. Uh, yeah what else did we have?

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Do you know how you'd access the Russian films, how they'd come to be at Macquarie Island? [Knowles] I've got no idea. Do you know how you'd access the Russian films, how they'd come to be at Macquarie Island? [Knowles] I've got no idea.

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how we got them, they were just there, yeah. I think they were a hangover from I.G.Y how we got them, they were just there, yeah. I think they were a hangover from I.G.Y

43:46

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[Ingrid] And were there any documentary films or 'This Week in Britain'? [Knowles] Oh the odd twim 'This [Ingrid] And were there any documentary films or 'This Week in Britain'? [Knowles] Oh the odd twim 'This

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week in Britain.' Lots of them, lots of them, and, uh, I might have mentioned before that, the nice little week in Britain.' Lots of them, lots of them, and, uh, I might have mentioned before that, the nice little

43:60

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Swallow and Ariell 16mm doco of how to make our sledging biscuits Swallow and Ariell 16mm doco of how to make our sledging biscuits

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wonderful stuff, how are we going, Ingrid? [Ingrid] Good. [Knowles] God, we haven't moved off the first year at Macquarie. [Ingrid] So wonderful stuff, how are we going, Ingrid? [Ingrid] Good. [Knowles] God, we haven't moved off the first year at Macquarie. [Ingrid] So

44:14

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Macquarie, you've obviously spent a lot of time Macquarie, you've obviously spent a lot of time

44:17

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at Macquarie over the years, can you remember what your 1st impression of Macquarie Island was when you first at Macquarie over the years, can you remember what your 1st impression of Macquarie Island was when you first

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went down there 1966-67? went down there 1966-67?

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Absolute wonder I think I mean it was it's just an extraordinary thing to land Absolute wonder I think I mean it was it's just an extraordinary thing to land

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ashore there in November/December and see the beaches filled up with elephant ashore there in November/December and see the beaches filled up with elephant

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seals and penguins and so on. It was just- just absolutely amazing seals and penguins and so on. It was just- just absolutely amazing

44:49

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and the mist and the rain [laughs] and the crap and the smell that you can smell out to sea and the mist and the rain [laughs] and the crap and the smell that you can smell out to sea

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it's- it's- it's just it's- it's- it's just

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amazing, but uh, I was home immediately I- I just loved it. [Ingrid] Do you miss it? amazing, but uh, I was home immediately I- I just loved it. [Ingrid] Do you miss it?

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I miss it like crazy, but I really don't want to go back, now, because I I miss it like crazy, but I really don't want to go back, now, because I

45:09

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couldn't go to the places which are important either to me biologically or couldn't go to the places which are important either to me biologically or

45:15

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emotionally, it's been completely changed by becoming a emotionally, it's been completely changed by becoming a

45:22

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park, and regulations put in place, which I feel are totally park, and regulations put in place, which I feel are totally

45:29

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unnecessary. Even ANARE things like "oh you can't go round the island on your own." unnecessary. Even ANARE things like "oh you can't go round the island on your own."

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Hell! I spent weeks and weeks on my own going round the island, you radio in each day Hell! I spent weeks and weeks on my own going round the island, you radio in each day

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even got good at Morse Code, *did ar did*, Roger. [laughs] And you know it all even got good at Morse Code, *did ar did*, Roger. [laughs] And you know it all

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all thats- all that's gone, um, yeah, yeah and the way all thats- all that's gone, um, yeah, yeah and the way

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you can handle the birds there, nobody, there's a- there's a you can handle the birds there, nobody, there's a- there's a

45:58

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there's a, there's a new ethos that everything you do with a there's a, there's a new ethos that everything you do with a

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bird, is bad for it. The fact that what we were doing then and bird, is bad for it. The fact that what we were doing then and

46:08

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now, um, helps conserve the birds so the fact that I was looking at the Albatrosses, Wandering now, um, helps conserve the birds so the fact that I was looking at the Albatrosses, Wandering

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Albatrosses in those days and later on I suggested that they were being Albatrosses in those days and later on I suggested that they were being

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taken on the long lines nobody believed me but then Nigel Brothers came along with his taken on the long lines nobody believed me but then Nigel Brothers came along with his

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magnificent work and showed that they were, you know, and then we could go back and we, we magnificent work and showed that they were, you know, and then we could go back and we, we

46:29

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actually published on what's happening to the albatrosses because we've done that work. actually published on what's happening to the albatrosses because we've done that work.

46:34

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Like ?Matted? Albatross I had a pair Like ?Matted? Albatross I had a pair

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there that lived for 40 years, as a pair, so they must have been at least there that lived for 40 years, as a pair, so they must have been at least

46:41

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50-55 years old. They'd been, um, banded with 50-55 years old. They'd been, um, banded with

46:48

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when ?unintelligable? 1st visited there. Now, that says that whatever you do you've got a long lived bird. when ?unintelligable? 1st visited there. Now, that says that whatever you do you've got a long lived bird.

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and you had to be damned careful as to what you do, because long lived species are far and you had to be damned careful as to what you do, because long lived species are far

47:00

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more vulnerable than those who have more vulnerable than those who have

47:03

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a great fecundity at an earlier age, and so on, and that sort of thing had to stop a great fecundity at an earlier age, and so on, and that sort of thing had to stop

47:10

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people weren't allowed to do it. You know, so all those things, you can't walk in certain places, I people weren't allowed to do it. You know, so all those things, you can't walk in certain places, I

47:17

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pegged pegged

47:17

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a track from Bauer Bay back to the main camp which virtually kept people off the a track from Bauer Bay back to the main camp which virtually kept people off the

47:23

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feather bed. It pegged them down to the beaches so that you could virtually feather bed. It pegged them down to the beaches so that you could virtually

47:28

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get get to the beaches at Mawson Point, Langdon Point, get get to the beaches at Mawson Point, Langdon Point,

47:32

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Eagle Point and walk around the coast there, and the only time you ever had to cross the feather Eagle Point and walk around the coast there, and the only time you ever had to cross the feather

47:37

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bed was to cross it up to, um, Handspike Point but because it had been pegged around bed was to cross it up to, um, Handspike Point but because it had been pegged around

47:44

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the feather bed and it was thought to be the easier way went around there, so that went around the feather bed and it was thought to be the easier way went around there, so that went around

47:48

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and pulled up both lots of pegs, you know, those stupid thing, and now people aren't allowed to go on the feather bed. and pulled up both lots of pegs, you know, those stupid thing, and now people aren't allowed to go on the feather bed.

47:53

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Been around too long haven't I, Ingrid? [Ingrid] Is anything else you'd like to add? Been around too long haven't I, Ingrid? [Ingrid] Is anything else you'd like to add?

48:01

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You know when I just started on You know when I just started on

48:06

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Macquarie it was very interesting when I wintered, it was the changeover from the Macquarie it was very interesting when I wintered, it was the changeover from the

48:10

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Animals and Birds Protection Board in Tasmania which set all the rules, to Animals and Birds Protection Board in Tasmania which set all the rules, to

48:18

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what is now national parks. Uh, and, when that all what is now national parks. Uh, and, when that all

48:25

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happened and all these regulations that were coming into play, came while I was happened and all these regulations that were coming into play, came while I was

48:32

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wintering over, and these cables were coming down I said "What the hell wintering over, and these cables were coming down I said "What the hell

48:36

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is this?" is this?"

48:36

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Who knows who's saying this and turns out they'd brought somebody in from England with Who knows who's saying this and turns out they'd brought somebody in from England with

48:40

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no knowledge whatsoever what was going on, and, cause mostly we studiously ignored these no knowledge whatsoever what was going on, and, cause mostly we studiously ignored these

48:47

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things and probably ?unintelligable?, not sure, what's the Statute of Limitations? [laughs] Yeah things and probably ?unintelligable?, not sure, what's the Statute of Limitations? [laughs] Yeah

48:53

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but- but then it's- it's changed but it took a long but- but then it's- it's changed but it took a long

48:56

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time to change to where, now, I think it's- it's- it's hopelessly time to change to where, now, I think it's- it's- it's hopelessly

49:01

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over-regulated given the small number of people who winter-over. And what we also seem over-regulated given the small number of people who winter-over. And what we also seem

49:07

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to be doing from what I hear is pushing people to go out and do these things whereas before to be doing from what I hear is pushing people to go out and do these things whereas before

49:12

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we had to leaver a hell of a lot of we had to leaver a hell of a lot of

49:14

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of people off the- off the Main Station, there would be half a dozen who carry of people off the- off the Main Station, there would be half a dozen who carry

49:18

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around the Island, moment you do your 1st trip to, to Green Gorge and the lactic acid in the around the Island, moment you do your 1st trip to, to Green Gorge and the lactic acid in the

49:24

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muscles starts to kick in, you think very seriously about the climb to Pyramid Peak muscles starts to kick in, you think very seriously about the climb to Pyramid Peak

49:29

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to go on the next part of the journey, and, and we used to see that, you know, been around to go on the next part of the journey, and, and we used to see that, you know, been around

49:35

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a lot as I said they haven't . Alright, thanks Knowles. a lot as I said they haven't . Alright, thanks Knowles.

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Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)

Choose A Speaker
(only necessary when speaker changes)