Amplify

Transcription Conventions		Examples
Language	English (Australian)	“Colour” not “Color”, “Organise” not “Organize”
Contractions	Transcribe as you hear them	“Shoulda”, “Didn’t”
Numbers	Transcribe as numerals	“11 West 40th Street”
Filled Pauses & Hesitations	Transcribe as you hear them	“ah”, “eh”, “um”
Noise	Transcribe in brackets; use descriptive language	“And then we [door slam]”, “So cold! [Brrrrr]”
Partial words	If someone stops speaking in the middle of a word, transcribe as much of the word as they say; follow it with a dash	“Tes- Testing”, “Absolu- Absolutely”
Hard-to-understand	For speech that is difficult or impossible to understand, use question marks before and after	“And she told me that ?I should just leave?”, “Her name was ?inaudible?”
Change of speaker	Sometimes multiple people will speak on the same line. Use square brackets to indicate change of speaker.	[John] Yes, it was a very interesting time. [Susan] And what have you learnt from it?

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0:04

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This is Ingrid McGaughey and I'm just having a This is Ingrid McGaughey and I'm just having a

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a chat with George Cresswell and George was down at Mawson in 1960. So hello George a chat with George Cresswell and George was down at Mawson in 1960. So hello George

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[George]Hello Ingrid. [Ingrid]Can you tell me what you did at Mawson? [George]Okay I was [George]Hello Ingrid. [Ingrid]Can you tell me what you did at Mawson? [George]Okay I was

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an an

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Aurora scientist and so I ran equipment to look at the Aurora Australis. I worked Aurora scientist and so I ran equipment to look at the Aurora Australis. I worked

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with with

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Ian Bird, a electronics engineer, and we went down there with the components to Ian Bird, a electronics engineer, and we went down there with the components to

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build a hut and the components to build build a hut and the components to build

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a photometer which involved a couple of telescopes and a photometer which involved a couple of telescopes and

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a lot of electronics and I put together the electronics, the ah, I put together the a lot of electronics and I put together the electronics, the ah, I put together the

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telescopes and Ian, who had telescopes and Ian, who had

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a whole lot of components, resistors and capacitors and the whole lot, designed the a whole lot of components, resistors and capacitors and the whole lot, designed the

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electronics and built it and then we got the thing going and well just to run on. So electronics and built it and then we got the thing going and well just to run on. So

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we built the hut then we painted the hut then we put in the electrics in the hut we built the hut then we painted the hut then we put in the electrics in the hut

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we put down the lino and then we built a wind fence outside. we put down the lino and then we built a wind fence outside.

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A V shaped wind fence so that was where we put the photometer and it could be A V shaped wind fence so that was where we put the photometer and it could be

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pointed anywhere in the sky, and the normal operation was one of us would be outside pointed anywhere in the sky, and the normal operation was one of us would be outside

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and we had a head set and we had a head set

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and microphone and the other person would be inside and ah you'd point the photometer and microphone and the other person would be inside and ah you'd point the photometer

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in different directions at the Aurora and then talk about what you were seeing and the in different directions at the Aurora and then talk about what you were seeing and the

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guy inside would note all that down. And we took very careful notes and then we never guy inside would note all that down. And we took very careful notes and then we never

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used them as I look back on. [Ingrid]When you say that you built the hut was that you used them as I look back on. [Ingrid]When you say that you built the hut was that you

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personally or the trades people? [George] Oh no no we oh well okay personally or the trades people? [George] Oh no no we oh well okay

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at that time we didn't have people like that we had at that time we didn't have people like that we had

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a couple of engineers for the power station. And the rest of us just did whatever a couple of engineers for the power station. And the rest of us just did whatever

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had to be done and so the hut came down in ah... It was pre-fabricated so it was had to be done and so the hut came down in ah... It was pre-fabricated so it was

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a sandwich about, in old terms, 3 inches thick of polystyrene and then some metal on a sandwich about, in old terms, 3 inches thick of polystyrene and then some metal on

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the outside and I guess masonite on the inside and then we just bolted it all the outside and I guess masonite on the inside and then we just bolted it all

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together but we all, as a group, we did a number of things that year we built together but we all, as a group, we did a number of things that year we built

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a power station and we built a power station and we built

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assorted little huts and um, so what would happen, anybody who wasn't doing their assorted little huts and um, so what would happen, anybody who wasn't doing their

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official job would just come and help and that's how it all worked. And I was thinking official job would just come and help and that's how it all worked. And I was thinking

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in preparation for this which only took, you know 10 minutes, I was thinking how in preparation for this which only took, you know 10 minutes, I was thinking how

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much work we did there. We seemed to be working all the time and that was good and it much work we did there. We seemed to be working all the time and that was good and it

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gave you a work ethic that I certainly didn't have before I went. [Ingrid]So what you're gave you a work ethic that I certainly didn't have before I went. [Ingrid]So what you're

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saying is that were no people down there who were designated carpenters or saying is that were no people down there who were designated carpenters or

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electricians? [George]No. I think that's, I think it's correct electricians? [George]No. I think that's, I think it's correct

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to say that. We had the two power station people and they were very gifted with you know to say that. We had the two power station people and they were very gifted with you know

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turning up anything that you want on a lathe or doing electronics and then Ian Bird, who I turning up anything that you want on a lathe or doing electronics and then Ian Bird, who I

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mentioned. Um, he, he was able to do the electrics for the hut as well as you know mentioned. Um, he, he was able to do the electrics for the hut as well as you know

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the electronics because he'd taken a ticket to do that. [Ingrid]So had there been any sort of the electronics because he'd taken a ticket to do that. [Ingrid]So had there been any sort of

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Aurora physicists down there prior to you coming? [George] Yes look, okay, so I was there in 1960 the place Aurora physicists down there prior to you coming? [George] Yes look, okay, so I was there in 1960 the place

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opened in 1954. There had been people down there doing opened in 1954. There had been people down there doing

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Aurora physics. There was an all-sky camera, there was Aurora physics. There was an all-sky camera, there was

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a meteor radar so that looked at the trails of ah meteors, as these trails a meteor radar so that looked at the trails of ah meteors, as these trails

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ionised trails drifted through the atmosphere, the upper atmosphere, and that was ionised trails drifted through the atmosphere, the upper atmosphere, and that was

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built by, um, the University of Adelaide, Carl Nielson. And then there was an ?ionosond? there was built by, um, the University of Adelaide, Carl Nielson. And then there was an ?ionosond? there was

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cosmic ray gear that the University of Tasmania had taken down there, so oh and there was cosmic ray gear that the University of Tasmania had taken down there, so oh and there was

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the Bureau of Mineral Resources, as it was then, they had the Bureau of Mineral Resources, as it was then, they had

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a, ah, a magnetometer array down there. [Ingrid]So was all that equipment contained in the one hut? a, ah, a magnetometer array down there. [Ingrid]So was all that equipment contained in the one hut?

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No, no, no. It was, it was all over No, no, no. It was, it was all over

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the place in different huts. And ah, if I could just run along because that's the place in different huts. And ah, if I could just run along because that's

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led me to something. So once, we had thirty three people down there, and I'll get to that later on led me to something. So once, we had thirty three people down there, and I'll get to that later on

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but once every thirty three days it was one's job to be night watch and so you'd go but once every thirty three days it was one's job to be night watch and so you'd go

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around to the five or so sleeping huts and then all of the other huts and the around to the five or so sleeping huts and then all of the other huts and the

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hangar where we had the aircraft, and you'd put coal briquettes into all of the hangar where we had the aircraft, and you'd put coal briquettes into all of the

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places. Now this is places. Now this is

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okay if it's summertime and there's a nice evening but in winter time when it's okay if it's summertime and there's a nice evening but in winter time when it's

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blizzarding and it's pitch dark and you've got blizzarding and it's pitch dark and you've got

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a blizzard mask on and it's getting filled up with snow ah and you're in and out a blizzard mask on and it's getting filled up with snow ah and you're in and out

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of buildings and you go into the building and the snow melts and then it comes out again of buildings and you go into the building and the snow melts and then it comes out again

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and it freezes. So that was and it freezes. So that was

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a lot of hard work but, um, it's something you look back on fondly and some sort of a lot of hard work but, um, it's something you look back on fondly and some sort of

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strange way. [Ingrid]I'd heard from some people that um, when you were the night watchman you strange way. [Ingrid]I'd heard from some people that um, when you were the night watchman you

5:14

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had the privilege of having had the privilege of having

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a bath in the power house with hot water. [George] That ah came later I'd say a bath in the power house with hot water. [George] That ah came later I'd say

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just getting on to baths and showers. Okay we had showers but they were the bucket just getting on to baths and showers. Okay we had showers but they were the bucket

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ones. So you had to melt the snow in the metal bucket that was on the ones. So you had to melt the snow in the metal bucket that was on the

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pot belly stove in the sleeping hut. And so if you wanted to shower it wasn't just pot belly stove in the sleeping hut. And so if you wanted to shower it wasn't just

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a matter of rushing off and having a shower. You're putting snow in there and it's disappearing you a matter of rushing off and having a shower. You're putting snow in there and it's disappearing you

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know from something that is very big to something that is very small, as you know, then eventually know from something that is very big to something that is very small, as you know, then eventually

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you have hot water and you lift it up, put it on a hook, and then you pull the string and then you have hot water and you lift it up, put it on a hook, and then you pull the string and then

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you have your shower. [Ingrid]And the bucket would just tip? [George] No, no, no you have your shower. [Ingrid]And the bucket would just tip? [George] No, no, no

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there's little holes in the bottom. [Ingrid]Sounds like there's little holes in the bottom. [Ingrid]Sounds like

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a lot of work. [George]Well it was and I guess, you know, that's why people didn't have a lot of work. [George]Well it was and I guess, you know, that's why people didn't have

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a lot of showers and it was a same thing with laundry too. We had a lot of showers and it was a same thing with laundry too. We had

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a washing machine and you know, some of the details I've forgotten now, but if you a washing machine and you know, some of the details I've forgotten now, but if you

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wanted to do a wash then you had to melt wanted to do a wash then you had to melt

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a lot of snow, you personally, and then do your washing and then hang it up and then a lot of snow, you personally, and then do your washing and then hang it up and then

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it would freeze and all the rest of it. Um, yes so that was, that was interesting. [Ingrid]So was the it would freeze and all the rest of it. Um, yes so that was, that was interesting. [Ingrid]So was the

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sort of accommodation arrangements? [George]Okay, we had, as I recall, we had five huts sort of accommodation arrangements? [George]Okay, we had, as I recall, we had five huts

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they had eight people in each. they had eight people in each.

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And you'd go in the doorway, and on your left or your right there was And you'd go in the doorway, and on your left or your right there was

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a shower cubicle and, and there was a shower cubicle and, and there was

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the potbelly stove was it at that end too, but in some of them I think the potbelly stove was the potbelly stove was it at that end too, but in some of them I think the potbelly stove was

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at the end that was at the end that was

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away from the door. Say, okay you've go eight people in there, now each little room away from the door. Say, okay you've go eight people in there, now each little room

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was pretty small and the bed was up at about eye height, and underneath there was a desk and was pretty small and the bed was up at about eye height, and underneath there was a desk and

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a chest of drawers, and that was your world, and you'd, you know, clamber up onto the a chest of drawers, and that was your world, and you'd, you know, clamber up onto the

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onto the bed and sleep up there. And then, of course, you know, you learn things onto the bed and sleep up there. And then, of course, you know, you learn things

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from the things from the old guys. They'd say "Well look, you got these sheets, alright so you from the things from the old guys. They'd say "Well look, you got these sheets, alright so you

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have a sheet and you put it down. Then after have a sheet and you put it down. Then after

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a few weeks, you turn that sheet over and you sleep on for another few weeks, then that a few weeks, you turn that sheet over and you sleep on for another few weeks, then that

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you take that sheet away and then the sheet that was on the top you put that on the bottom and you take that sheet away and then the sheet that was on the top you put that on the bottom and

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then you do the same and then you don't have to wash too often. [Ingrid} All designed to minimise washing. [George] Yep. [Ingrid] Did then you do the same and then you don't have to wash too often. [Ingrid} All designed to minimise washing. [George] Yep. [Ingrid] Did

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they give you any other hints or any other tricks. [Ingrid] Oh I suppose they did, Ingrid, but they give you any other hints or any other tricks. [Ingrid] Oh I suppose they did, Ingrid, but

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um, you know, as we talk I might think of things like that, but you know just cold, I um, you know, as we talk I might think of things like that, but you know just cold, I

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can't think of anything. Yeh, yeh. [Ingrid] So what was the handover can't think of anything. Yeh, yeh. [Ingrid] So what was the handover

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period like when you arrived at Mawson? [George] Well it was busy as all get out because period like when you arrived at Mawson? [George] Well it was busy as all get out because

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you got people everywhere and you got people everywhere and

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a lot of unloading of the ship with the army ducks, you know what they are, yeh. So a lot of unloading of the ship with the army ducks, you know what they are, yeh. So

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all of the fuel was brought ashore in 44 gallon drums, and then what you do is you all of the fuel was brought ashore in 44 gallon drums, and then what you do is you

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put put

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a few tyres on the ground next to the duck, when it would come ashore, and you just a few tyres on the ground next to the duck, when it would come ashore, and you just

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tip the drums over and they'd bounce on the rubber tyres and hopefully not split, and then tip the drums over and they'd bounce on the rubber tyres and hopefully not split, and then

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the same with the coal briquettes. Tons and tons and tons of them in bags, you'd unload those the same with the coal briquettes. Tons and tons and tons of them in bags, you'd unload those

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and then you just get all black. Um, so it's a busy time and then I'd taken down and then you just get all black. Um, so it's a busy time and then I'd taken down

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a motorbike. I had motorbike, and I thought well I'll take it down with me so a motorbike. I had motorbike, and I thought well I'll take it down with me so

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the bosun put it on the ship. And when I took it down there, ah, you know the old guys the bosun put it on the ship. And when I took it down there, ah, you know the old guys

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who are, they're a bit cynical anyway and thought "mad bastard". But we had who are, they're a bit cynical anyway and thought "mad bastard". But we had

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a good time with the motorbike. [Ingrid]So what sort of motorbike was it? [George]It was a a good time with the motorbike. [Ingrid]So what sort of motorbike was it? [George]It was a

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350cc 350cc

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Valaset British bike. Most of the bikes then were British, and ah single cylinder and then Valaset British bike. Most of the bikes then were British, and ah single cylinder and then

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I'd stripped off most of the unnecessary stuff. And when the sea I'd stripped off most of the unnecessary stuff. And when the sea

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froze then we would go for rides on the sea ice. We have froze then we would go for rides on the sea ice. We have

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a rope behind it. We towed skiers or a dog sled and it gave us a rope behind it. We towed skiers or a dog sled and it gave us

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a lot of freedom, almost too much freedom in a lot of freedom, almost too much freedom in

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a way, because towards the start of summer I was out riding it a way, because towards the start of summer I was out riding it

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and looking ahead on the sea ice and looking ahead on the sea ice

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a penguin popped up, you know, so I was on pretty thin ice and I guess I could have a penguin popped up, you know, so I was on pretty thin ice and I guess I could have

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disappeared, you know, without disappeared, you know, without

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a trace. And the ice is interesting stuff, sea ice, because when it's like that a trace. And the ice is interesting stuff, sea ice, because when it's like that

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it's slightly plastic and it actually bends as you're going across it. Anyway so we had it's slightly plastic and it actually bends as you're going across it. Anyway so we had

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a pretty good time with the motorbike. [Ingrid]Did you have to do any modifications to the a pretty good time with the motorbike. [Ingrid]Did you have to do any modifications to the

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motorbike? [George] No I took off the muffler so that made motorbike? [George] No I took off the muffler so that made

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a good lot of noise, took off the lights 'cause I didn't need the light and because the a good lot of noise, took off the lights 'cause I didn't need the light and because the

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battery wasn't any good anyway. Um, I got some nobbly tyres, tyres with battery wasn't any good anyway. Um, I got some nobbly tyres, tyres with

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a bit of grip and that was about it. Yeh. [Ingrid]Okay, I know you took the bike out on the sea ice a bit of grip and that was about it. Yeh. [Ingrid]Okay, I know you took the bike out on the sea ice

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what about up on the plateau behind the base? [George] No, you see the plateau's too slippery, sea ice has got what about up on the plateau behind the base? [George] No, you see the plateau's too slippery, sea ice has got

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a nice consistency it's got a nice consistency it's got

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a mixture of snow and salt and something so it's actually like riding on a mixture of snow and salt and something so it's actually like riding on

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a salt lake, you know, with a salt lake, you know, with

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a thin layer of salt. [Ingrid] So what sort of distances did you cover from base? Oh a thin layer of salt. [Ingrid] So what sort of distances did you cover from base? Oh

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you know, commonly ten miles, or something like that, sometimes more. [Ingrid] And you you know, commonly ten miles, or something like that, sometimes more. [Ingrid] And you

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you were able to go out by yourself? [George]Yeah and when I told some of the people that you were able to go out by yourself? [George]Yeah and when I told some of the people that

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division now about this they just, you know, good God! Because, you know, OH&S division now about this they just, you know, good God! Because, you know, OH&S

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just wouldn't put up with that. We were lucky we didn't lose anyone in our year you just wouldn't put up with that. We were lucky we didn't lose anyone in our year you

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know but ah the ah... [Ingrid]So what happened to the motorbike? [George] Well I sold it to the cook that came know but ah the ah... [Ingrid]So what happened to the motorbike? [George] Well I sold it to the cook that came

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the next year and he seemed to be pretty happy with it and I think you made a side-car the next year and he seemed to be pretty happy with it and I think you made a side-car

11:05

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for it. He'd actually raced motorbikes on the Isle of Man, so you know, for him it was for it. He'd actually raced motorbikes on the Isle of Man, so you know, for him it was

11:10

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like a dream come to, to true to have like a dream come to, to true to have

11:13

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a motorbike down there. [Ingrid] I must say I'm intrigued about the motorbike. Did you a motorbike down there. [Ingrid] I must say I'm intrigued about the motorbike. Did you

11:19

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have to pass it by stores or anyone in the division before you took it down or was it...? [George]I had to have to pass it by stores or anyone in the division before you took it down or was it...? [George]I had to

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pass it. I rode it down to the ship and had pass it. I rode it down to the ship and had

11:27

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a word to the bosun. [Ingrid] That's all you had to do? [George] That's all I did. Yeah. [Ingrid]Things have changed. a word to the bosun. [Ingrid] That's all you had to do? [George] That's all I did. Yeah. [Ingrid]Things have changed.

11:33

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Yeah we did have and um I was, yeah a very close friend of mine down there, Bill Kellas Yeah we did have and um I was, yeah a very close friend of mine down there, Bill Kellas

11:40

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ah Bill and I used the bike a lot ah Bill and I used the bike a lot

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a lot together and, ah sometimes you'd go out and you'd get ice in the carburetor and you take the a lot together and, ah sometimes you'd go out and you'd get ice in the carburetor and you take the

11:47

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carburetor to pieces and it's cold and petrol, and blowing through the jet to try to get the carburetor to pieces and it's cold and petrol, and blowing through the jet to try to get the

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ice out of there and then other times you'd be riding back and I remember one time ice out of there and then other times you'd be riding back and I remember one time

11:57

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in particular I'm riding, Bill's on the back it's in particular I'm riding, Bill's on the back it's

12:01

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a white out, you can't see the tide cracks in the sea ice and we hit a tide a white out, you can't see the tide cracks in the sea ice and we hit a tide

12:05

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crack and, you know, I remember him going up, bouncing up so high I could feel his crack and, you know, I remember him going up, bouncing up so high I could feel his

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hands on my shoulders trying to pull himself down but anyway you know that's what hands on my shoulders trying to pull himself down but anyway you know that's what

12:15

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we did. [Ingrid] Did you take to any other activities or equipment to keep yourself entertained? [George] Oh, you we did. [Ingrid] Did you take to any other activities or equipment to keep yourself entertained? [George] Oh, you

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take down books. Um, there was, you know, take down books. Um, there was, you know,

12:26

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a modest library there. Ah, cameras I took a modest library there. Ah, cameras I took

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a couple of cameras and took I think about 30 or 40 rolls of 36 exposure film, colour a couple of cameras and took I think about 30 or 40 rolls of 36 exposure film, colour

12:36

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film. Some of it was ektachrome so that was 400ASA in old terms, so film. Some of it was ektachrome so that was 400ASA in old terms, so

12:43

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you could shoot the auroras with that. And then black and white film well there was you could shoot the auroras with that. And then black and white film well there was

12:48

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a lot of recording film down there. It wasn't ideal but it was, there was plenty of it a lot of recording film down there. It wasn't ideal but it was, there was plenty of it

12:52

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so. You do things like, okay you make a projector using so. You do things like, okay you make a projector using

12:57

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your camera lens and then ah, you learn how to use the chemicals and you do your own your camera lens and then ah, you learn how to use the chemicals and you do your own

13:02

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photography. It's so different now. [Ingrid] Did you take down anything photography. It's so different now. [Ingrid] Did you take down anything

13:09

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personal for your room at all? [George] No just a personal for your room at all? [George] No just a

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a whole lot of photographs of girlfriends and things like that, yeh. [Ingrid]That's plural I a whole lot of photographs of girlfriends and things like that, yeh. [Ingrid]That's plural I

13:16

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understand. [George]Well but yeah but um. Yeah you know and oh there was one situation understand. [George]Well but yeah but um. Yeah you know and oh there was one situation

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where, see we had, what was it 'Calling Antarctica' with Jocelyn Terry. A where, see we had, what was it 'Calling Antarctica' with Jocelyn Terry. A

13:29

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wonderful lady and very beautiful and we were all in love with her, and every Friday wonderful lady and very beautiful and we were all in love with her, and every Friday

13:33

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night she'd come on. Anyway, one night one of my girlfriends, you know, not as if I had night she'd come on. Anyway, one night one of my girlfriends, you know, not as if I had

13:38

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a lot of girlfriends but, um, she came on and ah it was a lot of girlfriends but, um, she came on and ah it was

13:42

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a 'Dear John' delivery, you know, she'd got engaged to someone else and that was okay with a 'Dear John' delivery, you know, she'd got engaged to someone else and that was okay with

13:49

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me, but all of my colleagues for me, but all of my colleagues for

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a very deferential, they all worried about me and, you know, it was quite interesting a very deferential, they all worried about me and, you know, it was quite interesting

13:55

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for a week or so. [Ingrid] Did they do anything particular to sort of nurse you through this difficult period. [George] No, but they were for a week or so. [Ingrid] Did they do anything particular to sort of nurse you through this difficult period. [George] No, but they were

14:00

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it was just the way they were. Yeah, yeah. [Ingrid] What about communication back home? How did you it was just the way they were. Yeah, yeah. [Ingrid] What about communication back home? How did you

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communicate? [George] We had forty words communicate? [George] We had forty words

14:09

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a month, ah so that's because all the messages were sent by Morse code. a month, ah so that's because all the messages were sent by Morse code.

14:16

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and um, so there were code words because, you know, forty words doesn't last very long and and um, so there were code words because, you know, forty words doesn't last very long and

14:23

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you'd get forty words in, this is as I recall, and so you know, at the end of each you'd get forty words in, this is as I recall, and so you know, at the end of each

14:29

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message you'd say W Y message you'd say W Y

14:31

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AS S O which is wysso, which means love and kisses and then the messages AS S O which is wysso, which means love and kisses and then the messages

14:35

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became known as whizzes. And then if, if, you know, one individual in the camp hadn't been became known as whizzes. And then if, if, you know, one individual in the camp hadn't been

14:41

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getting any whizzes for getting any whizzes for

14:43

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a while from his girlfriend or something, then the guys in the radio hut would make up one. a while from his girlfriend or something, then the guys in the radio hut would make up one.

14:50

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[Ingrid] Did they tell him it was from someone else? [George] Well they would and he'd [Ingrid] Did they tell him it was from someone else? [George] Well they would and he'd

14:52

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realise anyway but it, just, it sort of gave the group some cohesion through realise anyway but it, just, it sort of gave the group some cohesion through

14:58

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a good, through humour. Yeah. [Ingrid] Yeah, and so who did you used to a good, through humour. Yeah. [Ingrid] Yeah, and so who did you used to

15:04

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communicate with back home? [George] I communicated with my parents and communicate with back home? [George] I communicated with my parents and

15:10

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with the girl that I ultimately married and with one or two other with the girl that I ultimately married and with one or two other

15:17

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people but not so often. Yeah, yep. [Ingrid] Cause it seems like forty words wouldn't have really get people but not so often. Yeah, yep. [Ingrid] Cause it seems like forty words wouldn't have really get

15:24

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around that far? [George] It doesn't really get around all that far, no you might send off around that far? [George] It doesn't really get around all that far, no you might send off

15:28

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a five word message, you know, and use the code book to make up some stilted message a five word message, you know, and use the code book to make up some stilted message

15:33

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really, but at least I know that you're alive yeah. [Ingrid] Do you still have some of your really, but at least I know that you're alive yeah. [Ingrid] Do you still have some of your

15:41

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books and messages? [George]Oh look, it was rather funny, I went through my parents' stuff when they died and books and messages? [George]Oh look, it was rather funny, I went through my parents' stuff when they died and

15:46

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I found a whole lot of the messages so I've got those in a I found a whole lot of the messages so I've got those in a

15:49

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a file. Yeh, yeh. I haven't looked at 'em a file. Yeh, yeh. I haven't looked at 'em

15:51

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that much but there they are. [Ingrid] George how old were you when you went down the south? [George] I was I was 22 and I would that much but there they are. [Ingrid] George how old were you when you went down the south? [George] I was I was 22 and I would

15:58

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if I gave an assessment of myself, I'd say I was very immature, didn't take responsibility if I gave an assessment of myself, I'd say I was very immature, didn't take responsibility

16:03

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for things. Um, keen, ah keen on adventure for things. Um, keen, ah keen on adventure

16:11

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and, yeah happy to work hard, but you know I was pretty immature. [Ingrid] So what and, yeah happy to work hard, but you know I was pretty immature. [Ingrid] So what

16:17

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made you want to go down there in the first place? [George] Okay, well there was made you want to go down there in the first place? [George] Okay, well there was

16:21

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a movie that was made, perhaps in the 50s. Ah 'South with Scott', I think it was a movie that was made, perhaps in the 50s. Ah 'South with Scott', I think it was

16:26

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a black and white movie, and I've forgotten the name of the hero who played Scott, but he was a black and white movie, and I've forgotten the name of the hero who played Scott, but he was

16:32

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in just about every British movie. And I guess I thought that would be in just about every British movie. And I guess I thought that would be

16:36

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a nice thing to do and then I went to university and I did physics and maths and a nice thing to do and then I went to university and I did physics and maths and

16:40

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then at the end of that I thought Oh I just don't want this then at the end of that I thought Oh I just don't want this

16:43

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life anymore so I applied, and I was interviewed by Phil Law and life anymore so I applied, and I was interviewed by Phil Law and

16:49

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a couple of other guys, and Phil seemed to be impressed and he, at that time, um, you a couple of other guys, and Phil seemed to be impressed and he, at that time, um, you

16:55

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know he was a peak of his life, I would say, he was know he was a peak of his life, I would say, he was

16:58

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established in his job, he was healthy, he was sharp, um he was quite established in his job, he was healthy, he was sharp, um he was quite

17:04

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a character and he, as you know, he really brought the Antarctic Division into a character and he, as you know, he really brought the Antarctic Division into

17:10

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existence and then fought really hard, excuse me, to, to keep it in existence, getting money existence and then fought really hard, excuse me, to, to keep it in existence, getting money

17:16

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twisting arms etc. He was twisting arms etc. He was

17:19

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amazing. He, he tended to self promote amazing. He, he tended to self promote

17:26

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himself which if you were working for him was himself which if you were working for him was

17:30

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a bit annoying, you know, because you could see how he comes Phil again, doing this a bit annoying, you know, because you could see how he comes Phil again, doing this

17:32

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and doing that but in fact that's what kept the division alive. Without him doing and doing that but in fact that's what kept the division alive. Without him doing

17:37

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that then he wouldn't, the division would have had that then he wouldn't, the division would have had

17:40

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a profile and wouldn't have gone anywhere. Yeh, so the toilet block was named a profile and wouldn't have gone anywhere. Yeh, so the toilet block was named

17:45

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Law Hut. [Ingrid]I've heard that. So how did that come about? [George] It was before my time Law Hut. [Ingrid]I've heard that. So how did that come about? [George] It was before my time

17:52

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you know, so I don't know. Perhaps when it was built it was called Law Hut you know, so I don't know. Perhaps when it was built it was called Law Hut

17:56

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so you know sometime from 1954 to 59, before I got there, it was built so you know sometime from 1954 to 59, before I got there, it was built

18:03

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and it had, well you know just the terminology of the time, it and it had, well you know just the terminology of the time, it

18:09

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had four crappers as I recall with four chimneys had four crappers as I recall with four chimneys

18:16

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Okay and the crappers were set on Okay and the crappers were set on

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a 44 gallon drum. So there was a toilet seat and you did your business there and then the night a 44 gallon drum. So there was a toilet seat and you did your business there and then the night

18:24

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watch would come each watch would come each

18:26

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night, night watch once a night would come in and put a night, night watch once a night would come in and put a

18:28

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whole lot of fuel in there, aviation turbine kerosene and set fire to the thing whole lot of fuel in there, aviation turbine kerosene and set fire to the thing

18:34

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having attached the chimney to that particular one, that's how it worked. And so then having attached the chimney to that particular one, that's how it worked. And so then

18:39

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it'd burn like hell and the radio guys who were in the building next door would all it'd burn like hell and the radio guys who were in the building next door would all

18:43

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rush in because they wanted to sit in the toilet block when it was warm. There is rush in because they wanted to sit in the toilet block when it was warm. There is

18:47

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the time when it was so damn cold. And then one of the things was every Sunday night we'd have the time when it was so damn cold. And then one of the things was every Sunday night we'd have

18:53

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a meeting and Hank, the station leader, would give us some Penfold's Club Port a meeting and Hank, the station leader, would give us some Penfold's Club Port

18:60

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and we'd all talk but, the talk always turned to Law Hut and arguments and we'd all talk but, the talk always turned to Law Hut and arguments

19:07

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about, because what you do when it burned off the material, then you had to set about, because what you do when it burned off the material, then you had to set

19:12

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a fire in the 44 gallon drum reaching down and it's quite clean and you'd set a fire in the 44 gallon drum reaching down and it's quite clean and you'd set

19:19

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a fire and it had to be either an inverted cone or a fire and it had to be either an inverted cone or

19:24

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a cone, and the arguments about it, they'd just go on and on and on. [Ingrid] So you'd set a a cone, and the arguments about it, they'd just go on and on and on. [Ingrid] So you'd set a

19:30

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fire in the bottom...[George] bottom of the 44 gallon drum... [Ingrid] for future use...[George]then all the faeces would go in fire in the bottom...[George] bottom of the 44 gallon drum... [Ingrid] for future use...[George]then all the faeces would go in

19:35

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there and then another four days later or so, ah, when all of them had been burned and it would there and then another four days later or so, ah, when all of them had been burned and it would

19:41

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be its turn to be burned again, then that one would be burned off. [Ingrid] Ah, so I see, so you basically used one toilet be its turn to be burned again, then that one would be burned off. [Ingrid] Ah, so I see, so you basically used one toilet

19:46

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would be burnt every four days and just rotate each day. [George] Yes, correct, and then there would be burnt every four days and just rotate each day. [George] Yes, correct, and then there

19:51

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was, there was was, there was

19:52

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a urinal and there were ah kerosene tins underneath that to collect that a urinal and there were ah kerosene tins underneath that to collect that

19:58

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the urine and then you would carry those when they were full as night the urine and then you would carry those when they were full as night

20:04

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watch, down about 50 metres or so or to what became known as watch, down about 50 metres or so or to what became known as

20:11

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piss clash because that's what it was and it was it was really, really tricky. piss clash because that's what it was and it was it was really, really tricky.

20:18

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It was really tricky on, you know, nights when there was a party and there was It was really tricky on, you know, nights when there was a party and there was

20:23

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a blizzard because you're doing this maybe once, or maybe twice, and you're carrying it a blizzard because you're doing this maybe once, or maybe twice, and you're carrying it

20:29

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down and you're slipping and the wind's blowing the stuff and you know in every down and you're slipping and the wind's blowing the stuff and you know in every

20:33

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direction so it wasn't all that pleasant. [Ingrid]Did anyone come to grief? [George]Well I don't know if direction so it wasn't all that pleasant. [Ingrid]Did anyone come to grief? [George]Well I don't know if

20:39

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anybody came to grief and hurt themselves, ok, but I'm sure we all slipped and anybody came to grief and hurt themselves, ok, but I'm sure we all slipped and

20:44

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slid and spilled them. [Ingrid] So when you went out to the slid and spilled them. [Ingrid] So when you went out to the

20:50

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field hut, what were the arrangements for field hut, what were the arrangements for

20:54

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toileting there? [George]Oh okay well this takes us on to toileting there? [George]Oh okay well this takes us on to

21:00

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a field trip that I did, um, okay a field trip that I did, um, okay

21:05

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a tractor train went from Mawson about 600 kilometres south to what a tractor train went from Mawson about 600 kilometres south to what

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became known as Binders Base, um, and there's another story in the naming but we won't became known as Binders Base, um, and there's another story in the naming but we won't

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go into that and then from there another group flew in and with dogs, a dog go into that and then from there another group flew in and with dogs, a dog

21:22

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team and a Weasel they did, they then did team and a Weasel they did, they then did

21:25

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a lot of exploring and that was Neville Collins and Rick Ruker and Ian Bird a lot of exploring and that was Neville Collins and Rick Ruker and Ian Bird

21:32

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and yes they did a lot of first and yes they did a lot of first

21:34

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descents of all of the mountains down there. Ok, well, what you did on all of these descents of all of the mountains down there. Ok, well, what you did on all of these

21:40

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field trips was, um, you would go out with your toilet paper and you'd get in the lee field trips was, um, you would go out with your toilet paper and you'd get in the lee

21:47

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of of

21:47

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a tractor or whatever you could, and do your business and of course you know you've got snow a tractor or whatever you could, and do your business and of course you know you've got snow

21:53

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swirling around filling up your underpants and and you trying to get along with this swirling around filling up your underpants and and you trying to get along with this

21:57

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job and then pull up your underpants and pants and it's cold, and yeah, that's what job and then pull up your underpants and pants and it's cold, and yeah, that's what

22:04

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you did. [Ingrid]Did you have to bring the fecal material back? [George] No. [Ingrid]These days we need to pack you did. [Ingrid]Did you have to bring the fecal material back? [George] No. [Ingrid]These days we need to pack

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it into plastic bags and bring it back. [George]Yeah, I know, yes.[Ingrid] Quite different. So did you do any jollies or any trips out in the field? it into plastic bags and bring it back. [George]Yeah, I know, yes.[Ingrid] Quite different. So did you do any jollies or any trips out in the field?

22:16

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Well yeah okay so um, Binders Base 600 kilometres south, Ian and Rick and Well yeah okay so um, Binders Base 600 kilometres south, Ian and Rick and

22:22

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Neville had done their trip which was really Neville had done their trip which was really

22:25

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a trying trip, in fact the other one to take the tractors into Binders Base a trying trip, in fact the other one to take the tractors into Binders Base

22:29

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must have been a difficult one too. They dropped a tractor in must have been a difficult one too. They dropped a tractor in

22:33

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a very deep hole and, um, Hank was driving, the Station Leader, he a very deep hole and, um, Hank was driving, the Station Leader, he

22:39

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was, he got concussed and I think it took him two days to get it out, but I'd, until was, he got concussed and I think it took him two days to get it out, but I'd, until

22:44

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last year at our 50th, I hadn't seen last year at our 50th, I hadn't seen

22:47

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a photo of the tractor in the hole and I didn't realise how, how deeply it was in. Anyway, a photo of the tractor in the hole and I didn't realise how, how deeply it was in. Anyway,

22:52

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so, um, four of us flew into Binders Base in the Dakota and ah the DC3 so, um, four of us flew into Binders Base in the Dakota and ah the DC3

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and then our job was simply to bring the tractor train back to, to the and then our job was simply to bring the tractor train back to, to the

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D4's and D4's and

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a number of sleds. We had to dig everything out and fortunately we had, um, the a number of sleds. We had to dig everything out and fortunately we had, um, the

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other party, we probably had half other party, we probably had half

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a dozen other people who were there and we dug out all the sleds because they'd been a dozen other people who were there and we dug out all the sleds because they'd been

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you know, they'd been covered up, and the tractors. Ok so then we just drove back but it you know, they'd been covered up, and the tractors. Ok so then we just drove back but it

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wasn't without incident. We, we had one occasion when we had two, we had both tractors wasn't without incident. We, we had one occasion when we had two, we had both tractors

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in crevasses and then we had to dig holes and put in so-called dead men, so I could in crevasses and then we had to dig holes and put in so-called dead men, so I could

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get one to winch itself out and then chain blocks and all the rest of it, and get one to winch itself out and then chain blocks and all the rest of it, and

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we didn't have we didn't have

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a lot of fuel and we were relying on the Dakota to fly fuel to us. a lot of fuel and we were relying on the Dakota to fly fuel to us.

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Anyway there was Anyway there was

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a great storm at Mawson and the Dakota and the De Havilland Beaver, that were up at Rumdoodle, a great storm at Mawson and the Dakota and the De Havilland Beaver, that were up at Rumdoodle,

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in the lee of the mountain there, say a dozen kilometres in from Mawson. in the lee of the mountain there, say a dozen kilometres in from Mawson.

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The Dakota snapped it's tie-down cables, which were pretty substantial and blew The Dakota snapped it's tie-down cables, which were pretty substantial and blew

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across the ice till it came to the cliffs and crevasses just above the sea and then across the ice till it came to the cliffs and crevasses just above the sea and then

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it destroyed itself in there and then the Beaver just self-destructed on its it destroyed itself in there and then the Beaver just self-destructed on its

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cables, it just flapped itself to pieces until it was just cables, it just flapped itself to pieces until it was just

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a whole lot of orange aluminium, all chewed up. So then we were faced with a whole lot of orange aluminium, all chewed up. So then we were faced with

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a little bit of a little bit of

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a problem because we kept on going until we were down to you know the last few a problem because we kept on going until we were down to you know the last few

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gallons of aviation turbine kerosene. gallons of aviation turbine kerosene.

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...a Weasel, which ran on petrol and so two of our party, ...a Weasel, which ran on petrol and so two of our party,

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Noel Jennings and the leader, the Dr in fact, Jeff Newton, took the Weasel Noel Jennings and the leader, the Dr in fact, Jeff Newton, took the Weasel

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and they went north to try and find a dump of fuel which was about a day's and they went north to try and find a dump of fuel which was about a day's

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drive away, and ah, Viv Hill and myself just stayed with, you know drive away, and ah, Viv Hill and myself just stayed with, you know

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the tractors with the empty tanks and all the rest of it. Anyway, fortunately they came the tractors with the empty tanks and all the rest of it. Anyway, fortunately they came

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back and they found the, found it ok, which seems back and they found the, found it ok, which seems

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a surprise. I guess, Noel Jennings was a good navigator. He was a surprise. I guess, Noel Jennings was a good navigator. He was

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our navigator and he'd done our navigator and he'd done

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a lot of yachting and I think he'd been in the Merchant Marine in World War 2 as an a lot of yachting and I think he'd been in the Merchant Marine in World War 2 as an

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engineer but he must have picked up navigation. So yeh they came back okay and engineer but he must have picked up navigation. So yeh they came back okay and

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then we had to leave one of the one of the tractors and so then we then we had to leave one of the one of the tractors and so then we

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and lighten our load and I took a photograph of Viv Hill on a tractor, on a and lighten our load and I took a photograph of Viv Hill on a tractor, on a

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a sled, you know, throwing out cans and things, trying to lighten a sled, you know, throwing out cans and things, trying to lighten

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it up but it wouldn't have made any difference at all. So then we it up but it wouldn't have made any difference at all. So then we

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pushed on and we got home to Mawson and it was really nice. [Ingrid] So you pushed on and we got home to Mawson and it was really nice. [Ingrid] So you

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had petrol for the Weasel, but not, but not. [George]We just happened to have had petrol for the Weasel, but not, but not. [George]We just happened to have

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enough. [Ingrid]But not the diesel, not enough for the..[George] No it was, at those altitudes you use aviation turbine enough. [Ingrid]But not the diesel, not enough for the..[George] No it was, at those altitudes you use aviation turbine

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kerosene and we'd just run out, well, it had been assumed that the Dakota would kerosene and we'd just run out, well, it had been assumed that the Dakota would

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fly fuel in. [Ingrid] So did they retrieve the fly fuel in. [Ingrid] So did they retrieve the

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D4's later on? [George] Eventually yes. They retrieved the one D4 that we left sometime D4's later on? [George] Eventually yes. They retrieved the one D4 that we left sometime

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later in subsequent years. [Ingrid] But you were later in subsequent years. [Ingrid] But you were

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pleased to be home, at Mawson? [George] Yeah we were, we you know, you sit there. We weren't all that pleased to be home, at Mawson? [George] Yeah we were, we you know, you sit there. We weren't all that

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preoccupied by it, I suppose, you know. Ah, we assumed we'd get home even if we had to walk preoccupied by it, I suppose, you know. Ah, we assumed we'd get home even if we had to walk

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you know, there was that young man confidence I think. you know, there was that young man confidence I think.

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[Ingrid]So what was the food like on the field trip? [George] Well we had [Ingrid]So what was the food like on the field trip? [George] Well we had

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a whole lot of you know canned stuff and things like that and, um, I guess there was a whole lot of you know canned stuff and things like that and, um, I guess there was

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spaghetti. Um, oh, we had we had cans of ice cream powder (laughter). And spaghetti. Um, oh, we had we had cans of ice cream powder (laughter). And

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so you'd melt water and just put the ice cream powder into it and then mix it up and so you'd melt water and just put the ice cream powder into it and then mix it up and

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put it outside and put it outside and

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it'd freeze really, just right. But if you put it on the sled as you're traveling it'd freeze really, just right. But if you put it on the sled as you're traveling

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along, on the outside, the shaking and the cold would make perfect ice cream, yeah. along, on the outside, the shaking and the cold would make perfect ice cream, yeah.

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[Ingrid]And what about on station what was that food like there? [George] Ok, our cook [Ingrid]And what about on station what was that food like there? [George] Ok, our cook

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ah Ralph Dyer had been ah Ralph Dyer had been

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a cook in Government House, I think, and, you know, so he was, he was brilliant. a cook in Government House, I think, and, you know, so he was, he was brilliant.

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The food was just such high quality, it was so good, and ah, he was good to work for. The food was just such high quality, it was so good, and ah, he was good to work for.

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He was very very strict, you know, everything had to be right but gosh He was very very strict, you know, everything had to be right but gosh

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he was he was

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a good cook. [Ingrid] Was it all tinned and frozen food, or? Yeah it was. Um, the potatoes a good cook. [Ingrid] Was it all tinned and frozen food, or? Yeah it was. Um, the potatoes

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were not frozen so we had were not frozen so we had

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a special hut for things like that so that it was warm enough to keep them from a special hut for things like that so that it was warm enough to keep them from

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freezing, yeah. Um, you know I was thinking freezing, yeah. Um, you know I was thinking

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about something before but have forgotten what it was. [Ingrid] Did you supplement your diet at all with about something before but have forgotten what it was. [Ingrid] Did you supplement your diet at all with

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seal meat that had been shot for the dogs, or? [George] I didn't eat any penguin and I seal meat that had been shot for the dogs, or? [George] I didn't eat any penguin and I

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didn't eat any seal and I don't think very many people did. We had enough, we had didn't eat any seal and I don't think very many people did. We had enough, we had

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enough meat. So I'll just talk about two things, I'll talk about the way we stored the meat and if enough meat. So I'll just talk about two things, I'll talk about the way we stored the meat and if

28:27

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I forget you can remind me and I'll talk about the seals. So ok, we had the dog I forget you can remind me and I'll talk about the seals. So ok, we had the dog

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lines and the dogs'd get fed lines and the dogs'd get fed

28:34

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a great big lump of frozen seal meat every few days. Um, at that, in our a great big lump of frozen seal meat every few days. Um, at that, in our

28:41

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2nd summer, um, people weren't all um, falling all over themselves to volunteer to cut up the 2nd summer, um, people weren't all um, falling all over themselves to volunteer to cut up the

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seals that had been shot, and I did that job, it's really smelly seals that had been shot, and I did that job, it's really smelly

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just so smelly, and the clothes you wear and the boots it's impossible, you've just gotta get just so smelly, and the clothes you wear and the boots it's impossible, you've just gotta get

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out of them and get showered as much as you can. Um, so there was that, you cut up the, cut up out of them and get showered as much as you can. Um, so there was that, you cut up the, cut up

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the seal meat and then it, you just leave it out in the open and it freezes and it's in the seal meat and then it, you just leave it out in the open and it freezes and it's in

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the sizes that are suitable for the dogs although, early on we didn't cut it up into the sizes that are suitable for the dogs although, early on we didn't cut it up into

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bits and so people use bits and so people use

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a cross cut, cut saw in the middle of winter you know for cutting the stuff up. Then a cross cut, cut saw in the middle of winter you know for cutting the stuff up. Then

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on to the the storage of the meat, ok, so we had all this meat and the party on to the the storage of the meat, ok, so we had all this meat and the party

29:30

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the 1959 party said, "Oh no, you need to dig an ice hole. We'll show you the 1959 party said, "Oh no, you need to dig an ice hole. We'll show you

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where to dig it." So we dug an ice hole and put the stuff in there but where to dig it." So we dug an ice hole and put the stuff in there but

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there must have been a natural water flow through there. Anyway the stuff just there must have been a natural water flow through there. Anyway the stuff just

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froze solid, you know, just, it was just frozen, you know, you could come back froze solid, you know, just, it was just frozen, you know, you could come back

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thousands of years later and it would still be the same so there were various thousands of years later and it would still be the same so there were various

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techniques of putting explosives in it techniques of putting explosives in it

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to try and get the food out, which was ridiculous. Andonto explosives. Ok. Hank, Hank to try and get the food out, which was ridiculous. Andonto explosives. Ok. Hank, Hank

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the, the Station leader had been in the Dutch resistance and so he was comfortable the, the Station leader had been in the Dutch resistance and so he was comfortable

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with explosives and things like that, in fact I was too because I'd done National Service. with explosives and things like that, in fact I was too because I'd done National Service.

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Um, and we had Um, and we had

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a lot of explosives down there he wanted to make an iceberg. So over in West's, West a lot of explosives down there he wanted to make an iceberg. So over in West's, West

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Valley, West Bay, there were some cracks in the ice cliffs, so he and I went over Valley, West Bay, there were some cracks in the ice cliffs, so he and I went over

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there, he wanted an there, he wanted an

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assistant and I was the only one who was stupid enough to go with him, and we put this 40 pounds assistant and I was the only one who was stupid enough to go with him, and we put this 40 pounds

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or whatever it was of gelignite, dynamite in a crack with or whatever it was of gelignite, dynamite in a crack with

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a fuse and, he set it all up and I'm getting quite nervous. a fuse and, he set it all up and I'm getting quite nervous.

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And anyway and all the rest of the station they are about, or what, 2 - 300 metres away And anyway and all the rest of the station they are about, or what, 2 - 300 metres away

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down much lower where they can take photos. [laughter] They were all ready in case it went off down much lower where they can take photos. [laughter] They were all ready in case it went off

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prematurely. [laughter] Anyway, so there was this bloody great explosion after we got back and prematurely. [laughter] Anyway, so there was this bloody great explosion after we got back and

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we made a little iceberg and everybody was happy. In fact it wasn't made right away we made a little iceberg and everybody was happy. In fact it wasn't made right away

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the iceberg, there was the iceberg, there was

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a lot of small chunks came down and people were disappointed and they walked away a lot of small chunks came down and people were disappointed and they walked away

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but as they got to the crest of the hill then but as they got to the crest of the hill then

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a big lump came down and then the photos were taken again. [Ingrid] So why did you a big lump came down and then the photos were taken again. [Ingrid] So why did you

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want to make an iceberg? [George] I can't recall, and I mean, want to make an iceberg? [George] I can't recall, and I mean,

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a lot of these things are, [laughter] what, life was different then, and I mean if you've got a lot of these things are, [laughter] what, life was different then, and I mean if you've got

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I mean we had rifles, you'd, you know, you'd just shoot things. There was one day when I mean we had rifles, you'd, you know, you'd just shoot things. There was one day when

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all of the records that didn't work anymore the ah, 78's, you know they just, they all of the records that didn't work anymore the ah, 78's, you know they just, they

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they'd been played to death. So, ah, a number of us took those out and put them on the sea ice they'd been played to death. So, ah, a number of us took those out and put them on the sea ice

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you know balance them, and then had 303's and we were shooting them and things like that. It was, it was you know balance them, and then had 303's and we were shooting them and things like that. It was, it was

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a pretty good time for doing what you like, there were, yeah, I'd say there were no a pretty good time for doing what you like, there were, yeah, I'd say there were no

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constraints. [Ingrid] So as constraints. [Ingrid] So as

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a year, how did your mission together? [George] Well there were 33 of us. There were, I think a year, how did your mission together? [George] Well there were 33 of us. There were, I think

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there were 12 Air Force blokes and then there were, you know, maybe half there were 12 Air Force blokes and then there were, you know, maybe half

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a dozen scientists and then, you know the doctor the a dozen scientists and then, you know the doctor the

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engineers etc etc. Um, we got on very well. engineers etc etc. Um, we got on very well.

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Movies, we had 30 movies and so we'd all watch the movies together and we'd watch them, just Movies, we had 30 movies and so we'd all watch the movies together and we'd watch them, just

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yourself, and we knew all of the dialogue and then sometimes the movies would be run yourself, and we knew all of the dialogue and then sometimes the movies would be run

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backwards or the sound backwards or the sound

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would be off. Um, so then there were, you know, as on all stations I guess you know would be off. Um, so then there were, you know, as on all stations I guess you know

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there was there was

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a party every Saturday night, and the, some of the people made homebrew and so, you know a party every Saturday night, and the, some of the people made homebrew and so, you know

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a lot of people drank too much, would go outside, fall asleep in the snow on their way a lot of people drank too much, would go outside, fall asleep in the snow on their way

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back to their sleeping hut, but never, never any problems you know with accidents. back to their sleeping hut, but never, never any problems you know with accidents.

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And there was that, And there was that,

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there was that, um, I suppose that was our main interaction with there was that, um, I suppose that was our main interaction with

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the Air Force people. We didn't know really what they did, you know, they had to maintain the Air Force people. We didn't know really what they did, you know, they had to maintain

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two aircraft, they had to fly, ah, if you, you'd, two aircraft, they had to fly, ah, if you, you'd,

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we all, you know, we all ate together so that was very important. There was, everyone we all, you know, we all ate together so that was very important. There was, everyone

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was equal you know that was nice and then we would help the Air Force people and they was equal you know that was nice and then we would help the Air Force people and they

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needed help because the Dakota went down without its wings on because it couldn't needed help because the Dakota went down without its wings on because it couldn't

33:47

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fit on the Thala Dan, you know, well, you know, you need fit on the Thala Dan, you know, well, you know, you need

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an aircraft carrier to take it down. Um, and it was then floated ashore on big pontoons an aircraft carrier to take it down. Um, and it was then floated ashore on big pontoons

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and then dragged up onto the ice and then the day came when we would put the wings on and then dragged up onto the ice and then the day came when we would put the wings on

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and so, um, I think it was Noel Jennings, made some snow ramps and then dragged and so, um, I think it was Noel Jennings, made some snow ramps and then dragged

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the, the wings up, and, I don't know, on a DC3 the, the wings up, and, I don't know, on a DC3

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wing, there's got to be hundreds of little nuts and bolts, and so then all wing, there's got to be hundreds of little nuts and bolts, and so then all

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of us were there, the whole whole party was there, pushing the wing or, and trying to get the of us were there, the whole whole party was there, pushing the wing or, and trying to get the

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first nut and bolt through, things like that. It was a cold day, it was really bloody cold, um first nut and bolt through, things like that. It was a cold day, it was really bloody cold, um

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so that's how you're working together and doing any job that be done, that's how you so that's how you're working together and doing any job that be done, that's how you

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build a cohesive station I think. [Ingrid] So what do the build a cohesive station I think. [Ingrid] So what do the

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aircraft men do once the two planes were destroyed? [George] Well, they're very unhappy. aircraft men do once the two planes were destroyed? [George] Well, they're very unhappy.

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But this is, this was in late December. Um, they used my But this is, this was in late December. Um, they used my

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motorbike, my motorbike was used to go and find the plane and then it was used to go motorbike, my motorbike was used to go and find the plane and then it was used to go

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on the sea ice and then to bring back bits and pieces, you know, which were on the sea ice and then to bring back bits and pieces, you know, which were

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regarded as valuable but regarded as valuable but

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I s'pose in the scheme of things they probably just went back to some store in, in I s'pose in the scheme of things they probably just went back to some store in, in

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an air force base and were never used again. And I guess they just tidied up and an air force base and were never used again. And I guess they just tidied up and

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yeah, did whatever. [Ingrid] Did they fly again yeah, did whatever. [Ingrid] Did they fly again

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after that? [George] Not down there, no. Oh no, I mean one of them after that? [George] Not down there, no. Oh no, I mean one of them

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you know, um, Graham Dyke, he went on to become a Wing Commander, ah, Ken you know, um, Graham Dyke, he went on to become a Wing Commander, ah, Ken

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Assender had some more time in the Air Force and then flew with Assender had some more time in the Air Force and then flew with

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T.A.A., T.A.A.,

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QANTAS, he was their chief instructor for 737's. Ummm QANTAS, he was their chief instructor for 737's. Ummm

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Ted Bloomfield the navigator, sad story there, he went off to Chicago after he left Ted Bloomfield the navigator, sad story there, he went off to Chicago after he left

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the Air Force to do a PhD, the Air Force to do a PhD,

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then he came back to then he came back to

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Australia and died 3 weeks later from a heart attack. You know and the others all went their Australia and died 3 weeks later from a heart attack. You know and the others all went their

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different ways, yeah. [Ingrid] When you were at Mawson did you have any of the other countries or nations different ways, yeah. [Ingrid] When you were at Mawson did you have any of the other countries or nations

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such as Russia visiting you? [George] Yeah, your question's a good one Ingrid because I would such as Russia visiting you? [George] Yeah, your question's a good one Ingrid because I would

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never have remembered that. Yeah the Russians were regular visitors. They'd come in there, in their never have remembered that. Yeah the Russians were regular visitors. They'd come in there, in their

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green Dakota, and ah, they'd bring green Dakota, and ah, they'd bring

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a propeller de-icer which is a propeller de-icer which is

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a very strong alcohol and you only need about an inch in the bottom of a very strong alcohol and you only need about an inch in the bottom of

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a glass and you're just, you're just silly. And you know, we were all young and silly. [Ingrid] Silly. [laughter] a glass and you're just, you're just silly. And you know, we were all young and silly. [Ingrid] Silly. [laughter]

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And there were good parties and there was, you know, I don't know, there seemed to be music And there were good parties and there was, you know, I don't know, there seemed to be music

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and dancing, I don't know, the details now. There was weight-lifting in the rec room you and dancing, I don't know, the details now. There was weight-lifting in the rec room you

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know the Russians were good weight-lifters. So they, they came back quite regularly and know the Russians were good weight-lifters. So they, they came back quite regularly and

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and that was good and we had and that was good and we had

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ah, Oleg Zakharoff, he was our, one of our weather observers. He spoke fluent Russian and ah, Oleg Zakharoff, he was our, one of our weather observers. He spoke fluent Russian and

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he was he was

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a brilliant translator, interpreter, so at the parties he would, there'd be speeches and he'd a brilliant translator, interpreter, so at the parties he would, there'd be speeches and he'd

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just get up and translate. I mean that made a world difference otherwise it would just get up and translate. I mean that made a world difference otherwise it would

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have been so difficult. [Ingrid] Would um? [George] Ok, so the Russians liked our have been so difficult. [Ingrid] Would um? [George] Ok, so the Russians liked our

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movies. They liked our cowboy movies, and they came over and they had Swan Lake with the movies. They liked our cowboy movies, and they came over and they had Swan Lake with the

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Bolshoi Ballet, and ah, they did Bolshoi Ballet, and ah, they did

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a swap and we gave him the Fabulous Texan and we got Swan Lake and I don't think a swap and we gave him the Fabulous Texan and we got Swan Lake and I don't think

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any of us had been to ballet before, you know, that was the way of life then. We any of us had been to ballet before, you know, that was the way of life then. We

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were amazed at the athleticism of the male dancers, and we, it became one of our most popular were amazed at the athleticism of the male dancers, and we, it became one of our most popular

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movies and in my life Swan Lake is really important. movies and in my life Swan Lake is really important.

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Yeah. Um, so that was good. [Ingrid] Did you ever try to emulate the dancing of Swan Lake? Yeah. Um, so that was good. [Ingrid] Did you ever try to emulate the dancing of Swan Lake?

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No no no no no no. [laughter] But um, yeah I mean just to hear the music and No no no no no no. [laughter] But um, yeah I mean just to hear the music and

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takes you right back there. [Ingrid] Hmmm, did you have a band or take any musical instruments when you went takes you right back there. [Ingrid] Hmmm, did you have a band or take any musical instruments when you went

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down South? [George] Whew, you know I'm not aware of any. down South? [George] Whew, you know I'm not aware of any.

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We had We had

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a record player [laughter] that was it, yeah. [Ingrid] And what about for mid-winters, can a record player [laughter] that was it, yeah. [Ingrid] And what about for mid-winters, can

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you sort of explain to me, I guess the importance of mid-winters to your group and what you you sort of explain to me, I guess the importance of mid-winters to your group and what you

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did to celebrate mid-winter? [George] Ok, did to celebrate mid-winter? [George] Ok,

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well, big party, fancy dress, um, people wondering what the heck they're going to wear well, big party, fancy dress, um, people wondering what the heck they're going to wear

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until the last moment. Um, I thought I'd shave every, you know my head, my head until the last moment. Um, I thought I'd shave every, you know my head, my head

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and paint myself green and go as a Martian. But in the end I went along as and paint myself green and go as a Martian. But in the end I went along as

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a woman. [laughter]. And there were 2 other women too, I mean, not real ones. Um, and our a woman. [laughter]. And there were 2 other women too, I mean, not real ones. Um, and our

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photograph appeared in Tim Bowden's book, um, The Sound of Silence? [Ingrid] The Silence Calling. photograph appeared in Tim Bowden's book, um, The Sound of Silence? [Ingrid] The Silence Calling.

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The Silence Calling. Yeah, so anyway look it was The Silence Calling. Yeah, so anyway look it was

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a great party everybody had outrageous clothes on, dress, costumes, and then a great party everybody had outrageous clothes on, dress, costumes, and then

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you know beyond that you start to forget, yeah, good food, Ralph, Ralph you know you know beyond that you start to forget, yeah, good food, Ralph, Ralph you know

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produced an excellent meal. Yeah well, do you want to cut that for produced an excellent meal. Yeah well, do you want to cut that for

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a minute or? No. Ok. I just want to have a minute or? No. Ok. I just want to have

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a quick look here to see. [Ingrid] So the meal that you had for mid-Winters was it um the a quick look here to see. [Ingrid] So the meal that you had for mid-Winters was it um the

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fanciest meal of the year or was it just a standard meal? [George] Yes yeah yeah yeah yeah I mean you know fanciest meal of the year or was it just a standard meal? [George] Yes yeah yeah yeah yeah I mean you know

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a grand feast with, um, you know, roasts and etc cakes. Yep. [Ingrid] And did you do your a grand feast with, um, you know, roasts and etc cakes. Yep. [Ingrid] And did you do your

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own mid-winter menu or photograph? [George] Yes, yep, and um, Geoff Newton took photos of, own mid-winter menu or photograph? [George] Yes, yep, and um, Geoff Newton took photos of,

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he produced the menu itself with a photograph on the cover of he produced the menu itself with a photograph on the cover of

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a couple of, ah, Emperor penguins. [Ingrid] Was there anything else that you want to a couple of, ah, Emperor penguins. [Ingrid] Was there anything else that you want to

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discuss, that year of Mawson in 1960? discuss, that year of Mawson in 1960?

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Oh okay yeah look after a while, because of the movies and because of some of the Oh okay yeah look after a while, because of the movies and because of some of the

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audio things like Stan Freberg was audio things like Stan Freberg was

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a comedian um we would start to adopt a comedian um we would start to adopt

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a lot of the sayings from the movies and these things you know, as part of what we a lot of the sayings from the movies and these things you know, as part of what we

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did all the time did all the time

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our way of speech and... That, yeh that was interesting. And I suppose our way of speech and... That, yeh that was interesting. And I suppose

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it happens to any small community, but you know I was lucky enough to be part of it happens to any small community, but you know I was lucky enough to be part of

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a community to which that happened I can't think of any, you know examples off the a community to which that happened I can't think of any, you know examples off the

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top of my head but, well one of them would be you know I'm going out outside for top of my head but, well one of them would be you know I'm going out outside for

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a while, I might be some time, you know. [Ingrid] Well, okay so you mentioned before that you were a while, I might be some time, you know. [Ingrid] Well, okay so you mentioned before that you were

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very busy when you were down there, um it sounds like socially as well as workwise. What sort of very busy when you were down there, um it sounds like socially as well as workwise. What sort of

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were you working as, what sort of shape did your day take? [George]Oh okay you see, I worked all, Ian were you working as, what sort of shape did your day take? [George]Oh okay you see, I worked all, Ian

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and I worked all night and this meant that in the middle of winter we had very long and I worked all night and this meant that in the middle of winter we had very long

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working hours. And we would be trying to record things, you know the working hours. And we would be trying to record things, you know the

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light variations and color variations in the Aurora. So you'd go down for a midnight light variations and color variations in the Aurora. So you'd go down for a midnight

41:43

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chompers, and have a meal chompers, and have a meal

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a quick meal and then back up and work. Excuse me, um if there wasn't much happening a quick meal and then back up and work. Excuse me, um if there wasn't much happening

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with the Aurora and someone was showing with the Aurora and someone was showing

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a movie. And then you might catch the last half hour or middle half hour of the 1st half a movie. And then you might catch the last half hour or middle half hour of the 1st half

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hour of a movie. Ah and so you really running equipment hour of a movie. Ah and so you really running equipment

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with with

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the meteor radar which Ian maintained and I gave him some unskilled help the meteor radar which Ian maintained and I gave him some unskilled help

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with. Um, we would process the film so that it would go through 100 feet of photographic with. Um, we would process the film so that it would go through 100 feet of photographic

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film every day and film every day and

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a half or so, from memory, and so then you ah go into the dark room with the film and a half or so, from memory, and so then you ah go into the dark room with the film and

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you process that and then there's, from the all sky camera, similar thing, there's film there you process that and then there's, from the all sky camera, similar thing, there's film there

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and you process that. Um, you're noting down things all the time I guess. Yeh and you process that. Um, you're noting down things all the time I guess. Yeh

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[Ingrid] Oh so, would you sleep during the day, part of the day? [George] Yes, yeh, yeh oh no initially [Ingrid] Oh so, would you sleep during the day, part of the day? [George] Yes, yeh, yeh oh no initially

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when when that first started I was in a hut with when when that first started I was in a hut with

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a lot of Air Force guys, they were a lot of Air Force guys, they were

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a bit put off by that, that I was sleeping. Ah you know I should be up working but you a bit put off by that, that I was sleeping. Ah you know I should be up working but you

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know after know after

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a while they understood that, well hell I work all night, yeh. [Ingrid] So how, how did it work then a while they understood that, well hell I work all night, yeh. [Ingrid] So how, how did it work then

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with you doing things such as slushy duty? [George] You just did it. [Ingrid] So you worked all night and... [George] Yeh, yeh with you doing things such as slushy duty? [George] You just did it. [Ingrid] So you worked all night and... [George] Yeh, yeh

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[Ingrid] Then you'd do slushy the whole next day? [George] Yes, yeh, yeh okay um.. I can't remember the details now but I [Ingrid] Then you'd do slushy the whole next day? [George] Yes, yeh, yeh okay um.. I can't remember the details now but I

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would imagine now that you'd grab an hour or so, you know, between the various meals yeh. would imagine now that you'd grab an hour or so, you know, between the various meals yeh.

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And did you used to have the arrangement where you cooked on And did you used to have the arrangement where you cooked on

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a Sunday and the chef had the day off? [George] Look the cook and a couple guys went on a Sunday and the chef had the day off? [George] Look the cook and a couple guys went on

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a manhaul trip to Auster Rookery, a penguin rookery and I think a manhaul trip to Auster Rookery, a penguin rookery and I think

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we had we had

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a go at cooking and you know it's different now kids learn how to cook. Yeh it was a go at cooking and you know it's different now kids learn how to cook. Yeh it was

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pretty awful food. [Ingrid] You survived. [George] We survived yeh pretty awful food. [Ingrid] You survived. [George] We survived yeh

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So, what about ... you have obviously had the dogs for transport and aeroplanes So, what about ... you have obviously had the dogs for transport and aeroplanes

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and your Weasels, were there any other sorts of modes of transport or? [George] Okay, alright. There was and your Weasels, were there any other sorts of modes of transport or? [George] Okay, alright. There was

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a Jeep and there was a Jeep and there was

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a truck that Henk Geysen, the station leader, had taken down and it was an Army truck and it a truck that Henk Geysen, the station leader, had taken down and it was an Army truck and it

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was, it was his baby. And there were was, it was his baby. And there were

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a couple of Weasels. Now you could borrow the Jeep on a couple of Weasels. Now you could borrow the Jeep on

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a Sunday afternoon or, oh and there was a a Sunday afternoon or, oh and there was a

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a Ferguson tractor which was really very good. As well as the D4s. You'd borrow the a Ferguson tractor which was really very good. As well as the D4s. You'd borrow the

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Jeep and go for a little drive around on the ice and it had Jeep and go for a little drive around on the ice and it had

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a hand throttle and so you could set the hand throttle and then climb out a hand throttle and so you could set the hand throttle and then climb out

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the roof. (laughter) [Ingrid] How did you get onto the roof, was it out through the window or did you the roof. (laughter) [Ingrid] How did you get onto the roof, was it out through the window or did you

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you know you know

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Well it didn't have doors, so you could just sort of reach around and put your foot on the Well it didn't have doors, so you could just sort of reach around and put your foot on the

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bonnet and clamber up and sit up there and you know feel quite, quite special. And then bonnet and clamber up and sit up there and you know feel quite, quite special. And then

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and then the tractor, the Fergie, we'd put and then the tractor, the Fergie, we'd put

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a couple of ropes behind that, as we did with motorcycle, and we'd ski behind that and a couple of ropes behind that, as we did with motorcycle, and we'd ski behind that and

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then you know the driver would go in tighter and tighter circles and the guys out on then you know the driver would go in tighter and tighter circles and the guys out on

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end of the ropes would go faster and faster. [Ingrid] What other things did you do for recreation? end of the ropes would go faster and faster. [Ingrid] What other things did you do for recreation?

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I skied. Um learning how to ski. I did I skied. Um learning how to ski. I did

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a lot of that, enjoyed that. Some people, the Europeans. a lot of that, enjoyed that. Some people, the Europeans.

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when there was ice that was slick enough to skate on, which was generally not when there was ice that was slick enough to skate on, which was generally not

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the case, but near the case, but near

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a tide crack, you might get some water. Then they'd skate on that. Um and then you know other a tide crack, you might get some water. Then they'd skate on that. Um and then you know other

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things. I can't think of much else you know. Oh okay, things. I can't think of much else you know. Oh okay,

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well, on yeh Sunday afternoons Bill Kellas and I, I think on well, on yeh Sunday afternoons Bill Kellas and I, I think on

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a lot of the Sunday afternoons, he and I would go, with ice axe and crampons and go to the highest a lot of the Sunday afternoons, he and I would go, with ice axe and crampons and go to the highest

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cliffs in West Bay and just clamber around and take photos and yeh, just enjoy. cliffs in West Bay and just clamber around and take photos and yeh, just enjoy.

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[Ingrid]Thankyou. Did you get off Station much? [George] Ok not [Ingrid]Thankyou. Did you get off Station much? [George] Ok not

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a lot I did go to, with, I went with the Dr Geoff Newton, to Taylor Glacier, a lot I did go to, with, I went with the Dr Geoff Newton, to Taylor Glacier,

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where there was where there was

46:19

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a little tiny tiny caravan thing. And ah...Yeah a little tiny tiny caravan thing. And ah...Yeah

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we just. It was, it was, it was like it was a place to go and have we just. It was, it was, it was like it was a place to go and have

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a little holiday from the camp and I think it was realised to have great value a little holiday from the camp and I think it was realised to have great value

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because you'd go down there and you know you'd stop worrying because you'd go down there and you know you'd stop worrying

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about Auroras and all that sort of thing and, and just the two of you and walk around about Auroras and all that sort of thing and, and just the two of you and walk around

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and look at penguins. Yeh that was good. Fly down in the Beaver. It and look at penguins. Yeh that was good. Fly down in the Beaver. It

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was about 50 or 60 miles, as I recall. Yeah. [Ingrid] And they'd just come back and collect you each night? [George] Yeh, yep was about 50 or 60 miles, as I recall. Yeah. [Ingrid] And they'd just come back and collect you each night? [George] Yeh, yep

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[Ingrid] Did you have to sced in each day on radio or? [George] Ah we probably did now... with Taylor [Ingrid] Did you have to sced in each day on radio or? [George] Ah we probably did now... with Taylor

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I honestly don't remember Taylor Glacier, but with all of the others we had sceds I honestly don't remember Taylor Glacier, but with all of the others we had sceds

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yeh and then okay if you, I was not in the dog trips but we did have yeh and then okay if you, I was not in the dog trips but we did have

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to use one of those hand generator things on to use one of those hand generator things on

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our trip on one occasion, I can't remember why. But if you're on dog trip then our trip on one occasion, I can't remember why. But if you're on dog trip then

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you've got to use this prayer wheel and the radio operator's got to send Morse code and you've got to use this prayer wheel and the radio operator's got to send Morse code and

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each time he goes zzz, the thing gets harder to push, okay and I remember that each time he goes zzz, the thing gets harder to push, okay and I remember that

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vividly. The other thing I remember about field trips is trying to get the D4 started vividly. The other thing I remember about field trips is trying to get the D4 started

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because they have a petrol engine on them, I think it's because they have a petrol engine on them, I think it's

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a little horizontally opposed engine and has a a little horizontally opposed engine and has a

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a pull start, and I don't know how many times I pull started those things and it a pull start, and I don't know how many times I pull started those things and it

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wouldn't, wouldn't get going. [Ingrid] So when you went, the very first time you saw Mawson wouldn't, wouldn't get going. [Ingrid] So when you went, the very first time you saw Mawson

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just tell me what your first impressions of Mawson? [George] Okay, well it's pretty dramatic just tell me what your first impressions of Mawson? [George] Okay, well it's pretty dramatic

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when it come to Mawson. We'd been going through the sea ice, ah it was a beautiful day and when it come to Mawson. We'd been going through the sea ice, ah it was a beautiful day and

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the doctor, from the station had walked out on the very thin sea ice to meet us, very the doctor, from the station had walked out on the very thin sea ice to meet us, very

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thin sea ice. And looking out across some open water towards Horseshoe Harbour thin sea ice. And looking out across some open water towards Horseshoe Harbour

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it's all nice and brown, there's the polar icecap, just rearing up behind the station you it's all nice and brown, there's the polar icecap, just rearing up behind the station you

48:29

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can just see little, the huts there, and then Mount Henderson and uh, well Mount can just see little, the huts there, and then Mount Henderson and uh, well Mount

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Henderson is just so dominant even though it's Henderson is just so dominant even though it's

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a dozen miles or so inland, and then there's other mountains off to the right and a dozen miles or so inland, and then there's other mountains off to the right and

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things like that and ice cliffs, so that was quite spectacular. Okay if I can just things like that and ice cliffs, so that was quite spectacular. Okay if I can just

48:49

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mention Mount Henderson. Graeme Currie, who became known as Chompas Currie, and he's been down mention Mount Henderson. Graeme Currie, who became known as Chompas Currie, and he's been down

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there more times than I've had hot breakfasts, ah he and I climbed Mount Henderson in there more times than I've had hot breakfasts, ah he and I climbed Mount Henderson in

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October of our year and it was October of our year and it was

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a case, you know there's no quads and things like this. Ah we walked in, we a case, you know there's no quads and things like this. Ah we walked in, we

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climbed what we thought was the main peak. [Ingrid] So you walked in from Mawson Station, out to Mount Henderson? [George] Yes climbed what we thought was the main peak. [Ingrid] So you walked in from Mawson Station, out to Mount Henderson? [George] Yes

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yeah, it's about ah, look as I recall it's yeah, it's about ah, look as I recall it's

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a dozen miles or something. And we climbed up this thing. It turned out we had a dozen miles or something. And we climbed up this thing. It turned out we had

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climbed up the wrong peak because it's got a sort of climbed up the wrong peak because it's got a sort of

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a double peak and on the way up I had trouble with acrophobia, is that what it is a double peak and on the way up I had trouble with acrophobia, is that what it is

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fear of heights um being fear of heights um being

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a West Australian and, you know I was on a West Australian and, you know I was on

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a situation where I had my cameras and we had a situation where I had my cameras and we had

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a can of beer each to have at the top, in our kangaroo pouch type parkas, and I was on a can of beer each to have at the top, in our kangaroo pouch type parkas, and I was on

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a rockface sort of slipping and I couldn't do anything about it and I was scared witless a rockface sort of slipping and I couldn't do anything about it and I was scared witless

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anyway Chompa saved me and we climbed up the top and we did something that was really anyway Chompa saved me and we climbed up the top and we did something that was really

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really bloody stupid. We didn't come back the way we climbed. We then descended really bloody stupid. We didn't come back the way we climbed. We then descended

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another way and we could've got into so much trouble because we another way and we could've got into so much trouble because we

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went down, it was bit like a chute, where every maybe went down, it was bit like a chute, where every maybe

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20 metres or so there was a bit of 20 metres or so there was a bit of

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a step to it and was full of snow and then you'd get on this little rock step a step to it and was full of snow and then you'd get on this little rock step

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you'd go down the next thing. We could never have come back up that and we did get you'd go down the next thing. We could never have come back up that and we did get

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to the bottom and it was, it's a long way down, you know, I don't know what it is but, it's you know to the bottom and it was, it's a long way down, you know, I don't know what it is but, it's you know

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hundreds of feet. Um we could have been stuck there that would have been it. [Ingrid] Messy. [George] Messy hundreds of feet. Um we could have been stuck there that would have been it. [Ingrid] Messy. [George] Messy

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Yeh. [Ingrid] What was the clothing and the gear like that you were supplied? [George] Ok it was uh Phil Yeh. [Ingrid] What was the clothing and the gear like that you were supplied? [George] Ok it was uh Phil

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Law's rule was, you'd just put on extra layers. Okay so you'd have, you'd have Law's rule was, you'd just put on extra layers. Okay so you'd have, you'd have

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a string singlet, you'd have a string singlet, you'd have

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a fleecy shirt, you'd have a thick jumper, then you'd have, maybe a fleecy shirt, you'd have a thick jumper, then you'd have, maybe

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an old World War 2 camouflage jacket, which is just thin cotton, it's just like a shirt an old World War 2 camouflage jacket, which is just thin cotton, it's just like a shirt

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and then you'd have your so called Ventile Parka over the top of that which was say and then you'd have your so called Ventile Parka over the top of that which was say

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midthigh length. It's just, and it's just, you know, one layer, had fur around the neck which was midthigh length. It's just, and it's just, you know, one layer, had fur around the neck which was

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nice. Um we had mukluk so canvas boots with the mukluk inner nice. Um we had mukluk so canvas boots with the mukluk inner

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and assorted gloves, you know, inner gloves and mittens. Blizz mask for when it's really and assorted gloves, you know, inner gloves and mittens. Blizz mask for when it's really

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bad and you know, various hats according to the taste of the person bad and you know, various hats according to the taste of the person

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involved yeh. [Ingrid] So when you compared yourselves with the visiting Russians were you involved yeh. [Ingrid] So when you compared yourselves with the visiting Russians were you

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fairly well equipped? [George] They are the greatest hats. Oh my God their hats were to die for! Big fairly well equipped? [George] They are the greatest hats. Oh my God their hats were to die for! Big

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furry hats like that, big furry hats. They were furry hats like that, big furry hats. They were

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wonderful hats and I think, but I've forgotten now, ah I think they had down wonderful hats and I think, but I've forgotten now, ah I think they had down

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jackets too, yep. And they had good boots , they had good real quality boots jackets too, yep. And they had good boots , they had good real quality boots

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yeh. But the hats were the thing. [Ingrid] Did you used to trade any of that gear? [George] Yeah and I someone yeh. But the hats were the thing. [Ingrid] Did you used to trade any of that gear? [George] Yeah and I someone

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someone got a hat. Ah I don't think I had anything that was valuable enough for the Russians someone got a hat. Ah I don't think I had anything that was valuable enough for the Russians

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to want to trade yeah. [Ingrid]So you told me your first impressions to want to trade yeah. [Ingrid]So you told me your first impressions

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of Mawson. Can you remember actually the day you left Mawson? [George] Yeah I remember it quite of Mawson. Can you remember actually the day you left Mawson? [George] Yeah I remember it quite

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vividly and it was mean weather. Um there were waves in the, in the bay vividly and it was mean weather. Um there were waves in the, in the bay

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and it was grey and it was and it was grey and it was

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a good time to go. [Ingrid] Were you sad at leaving? [George] Um I would have been a good time to go. [Ingrid] Were you sad at leaving? [George] Um I would have been

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look the way of life really did suit me and if the ship hadn't come then I look the way of life really did suit me and if the ship hadn't come then I

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wouldn't have been fussed with another year, you know, I could have put up with that. It was, it was wouldn't have been fussed with another year, you know, I could have put up with that. It was, it was

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you know, you're with people that you got to know and you like them and you play you know, you're with people that you got to know and you like them and you play

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darts with them, I didn't mention that, darts was really popular. [Ingrid] So you still have darts with them, I didn't mention that, darts was really popular. [Ingrid] So you still have

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contact with these people 50 years later? [George] Ah, yes look we had contact with these people 50 years later? [George] Ah, yes look we had

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a 50th last year and we had maybe, you know, half the people a 50th last year and we had maybe, you know, half the people

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were there, or were represented I think. And as I mentioned I was 22 when I went down were there, or were represented I think. And as I mentioned I was 22 when I went down

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you know a lot of the fellows were older and you know a lot of the fellows were older and

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a lot of them had moved on, yeah. [Ingrid]To what extent do you think your time down there in a lot of them had moved on, yeah. [Ingrid]To what extent do you think your time down there in

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Antarctica or at Mawson Station has impacted upon you from a professional sense? [George] Well I Antarctica or at Mawson Station has impacted upon you from a professional sense? [George] Well I

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went on to become a scientist went on to become a scientist

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and an oceanographer. Um I think, I think it gave me and an oceanographer. Um I think, I think it gave me

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to just keep on beating things to death, working yeah. [Ingrid]And on to just keep on beating things to death, working yeah. [Ingrid]And on

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a personal level? [George] Personal level, um? Well I've had all of those adventures that a personal level? [George] Personal level, um? Well I've had all of those adventures that

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other people haven't had, I mean I don't, that's not the way I think, but they are pretty other people haven't had, I mean I don't, that's not the way I think, but they are pretty

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special adventures and ah that's it. special adventures and ah that's it.

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It was good friendship, yeah. [Ingrid] Did you ever want to go down again? It was good friendship, yeah. [Ingrid] Did you ever want to go down again?

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No I don't think I wanted to go down again I did do No I don't think I wanted to go down again I did do

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a marine science trip on the Aurora Australis ten years ago, where we sailed down a marine science trip on the Aurora Australis ten years ago, where we sailed down

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and what really struck me was how beautiful it is, you know, going through the and what really struck me was how beautiful it is, you know, going through the

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sea ice, all of the, the natural sculptures everywhere, the way that the polar plateau sea ice, all of the, the natural sculptures everywhere, the way that the polar plateau

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just rears up, going along the cliffs of the Mertz Glacier. Um and seeing how just rears up, going along the cliffs of the Mertz Glacier. Um and seeing how

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high they are. Yeah it's it's high they are. Yeah it's it's

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a magnificent place isn't it? Just stunning. [Ingrid]Did you have any other comments or any other a magnificent place isn't it? Just stunning. [Ingrid]Did you have any other comments or any other

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recollections. [George]No I reckon that's about it. [Ingrid] Not bad for the 3oth of June 2011 recollections. [George]No I reckon that's about it. [Ingrid] Not bad for the 3oth of June 2011

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51 years on. [George] That's right. [Ingrid] You've got an amazing memory. Alright. Thanks George. [George] Okay thank you 51 years on. [George] That's right. [Ingrid] You've got an amazing memory. Alright. Thanks George. [George] Okay thank you

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you've been good. you've been good.

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