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My name's Ingrid McGaughey. The date is the 16th of August 2011. I'm having My name's Ingrid McGaughey. The date is the 16th of August 2011. I'm having
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a conversation with George Casasayas. George was the met observer down at a conversation with George Casasayas. George was the met observer down at
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Macquarie Island in 1959. Hello, George. [George] Oh, good, yes, Ingrid, how are you? [Ingrid] Good.  Macquarie Island in 1959. Hello, George. [George] Oh, good, yes, Ingrid, how are you? [Ingrid] Good. 
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George, I was very interested in your earlier life. I believe that you grew up in Barcelona George, I was very interested in your earlier life. I believe that you grew up in Barcelona
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in Spain. [George] Yes, yes, that's correct, uh.  In in Spain. [George] Yes, yes, that's correct, uh.  In
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a little town next  to Barcelona which is uh, only 10 kilometres but in those days a little town next  to Barcelona which is uh, only 10 kilometres but in those days
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there was there was
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a big separation between the little town and Barcelona, paddocks and orchards thing  a big separation between the little town and Barcelona, paddocks and orchards thing 
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 between. Now it's all full of skyscrapers. But I grew in Barcelona and I . one of the things that  between. Now it's all full of skyscrapers. But I grew in Barcelona and I . one of the things that
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happened to me. I went to, to happened to me. I went to, to
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a fantastic school. I remember, that's one of the best things that happened to me, go to that a fantastic school. I remember, that's one of the best things that happened to me, go to that
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particular school. Was an open school, very   entertaining, very educative. And, and it particular school. Was an open school, very   entertaining, very educative. And, and it
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 sort of  created me that school. Some people say, Uh, school days are awful days. Uh,  those days were  sort of  created me that school. Some people say, Uh, school days are awful days. Uh,  those days were
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fantastic. And  I grew up and grew up. Uh, until, until the Spanish Civil fantastic. And  I grew up and grew up. Uh, until, until the Spanish Civil
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War came. We survived the Spanish Civil War.  Franco won, we lost it because I wasn't a Republican War came. We survived the Spanish Civil War.  Franco won, we lost it because I wasn't a Republican
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side. Not on the fascist side and we, uh,  continued living like this. We side. Not on the fascist side and we, uh,  continued living like this. We
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in Barcelona speak Catalan, in addition to Spanish and French but we were prohibited in Barcelona speak Catalan, in addition to Spanish and French but we were prohibited
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to speak Catalan. We had to speak Spanish only and there was to speak Catalan. We had to speak Spanish only and there was
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a punishment and it grew up under this sort of, uh, temperament system and the time a punishment and it grew up under this sort of, uh, temperament system and the time
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went by, I did,  I went to went by, I did,  I went to
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secondary school. I did matriculation, becc , bacca, baccalaureate they used to secondary school. I did matriculation, becc , bacca, baccalaureate they used to
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called it that and then I became, I went to school of architecture called it that and then I became, I went to school of architecture
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It was 5 years. We took more than 5 years because I did a bit in dribs and drabs It was 5 years. We took more than 5 years because I did a bit in dribs and drabs
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because in the course of doing because in the course of doing
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architecture, I had to be a soldier because the, the, the military service is compulsory in architecture, I had to be a soldier because the, the, the military service is compulsory in
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Spain, I suppose still is and soldiers Spain, I suppose still is and soldiers
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are called at the ages of 18 or 19 but because Franco want to have are called at the ages of 18 or 19 but because Franco want to have
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a large contingent of soldiers to help Mussolini and  help Hitler if necessary,  a large contingent of soldiers to help Mussolini and  help Hitler if necessary, 
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called the soldiers earlier. So I went to the Army earlier and I was just an ordinary called the soldiers earlier. So I went to the Army earlier and I was just an ordinary
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rookie army. I didn't want to do, be anything else but just a base soldier and, uh,  rookie army. I didn't want to do, be anything else but just a base soldier and, uh, 
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I went to the army headquarters, during the summer months and  the university in the winter months I went to the army headquarters, during the summer months and  the university in the winter months
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and saw us for and saw us for
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a few years until, in dribs and drabs, I finished architecture and I finished the army and I, a few years until, in dribs and drabs, I finished architecture and I finished the army and I,
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all the obligations had terminated and I was so fed up with Spain, so fed up with Franco all the obligations had terminated and I was so fed up with Spain, so fed up with Franco
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and everything, over it, to get out of it and I had some friends already had got out of Spain  and everything, over it, to get out of it and I had some friends already had got out of Spain 
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had gone to Sweden and I went to Sweden too. had gone to Sweden and I went to Sweden too.
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I hitch hiked all the way to Stockholm. And, uh,  I lived there with I hitch hiked all the way to Stockholm. And, uh,  I lived there with
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a friend of mine, that because he could speak Spanish, got a nice job with the a friend of mine, that because he could speak Spanish, got a nice job with the
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Argentinian embassy and I lived with him and I washed dishes in restaurant and Argentinian embassy and I lived with him and I washed dishes in restaurant and
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I used to paint little drawing of bullfighters and sell them in the street.I don't like I used to paint little drawing of bullfighters and sell them in the street.I don't like
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bullfighting but people did. So, curiosity,  and there we thought, well, let's go bullfighting but people did. So, curiosity,  and there we thought, well, let's go
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somewhere, let's go somewhere exciting. Where's the furthest part we can go and look somewhere, let's go somewhere exciting. Where's the furthest part we can go and look
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at at
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a map of the world and the Antipodes was New Zealand. We could not go New Zealand. They didn't have open a map of the world and the Antipodes was New Zealand. We could not go New Zealand. They didn't have open
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doors but Australia did and the, the, the consulate,  English consulate in Stockholm said why doors but Australia did and the, the, the consulate,  English consulate in Stockholm said why
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not go to Australia so we made application not go to Australia so we made application
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and well say if you have an entry permit for about and well say if you have an entry permit for about
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a limited amount of time, once you're there you can extend it. So we made this  a limited amount of time, once you're there you can extend it. So we made this 
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arrangement. We booked the ?passenger line? from Gibraltar to Sydney arrangement. We booked the ?passenger line? from Gibraltar to Sydney
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And then we worked on a on And then we worked on a on
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a cargo ship from from Gothenburg to Gibraltar a cargo ship from from Gothenburg to Gibraltar
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for nothing, just working, painting because the ship was all iced up and when you for nothing, just working, painting because the ship was all iced up and when you
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leave Sweden with a little ?ham it has? leave Sweden with a little ?ham it has?
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a good breaking the ice because it was too heavy but you've done so much damage to the a good breaking the ice because it was too heavy but you've done so much damage to the
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paint. By the time you're passed along the west coast of Africa, you have to touch up the paint. By the time you're passed along the west coast of Africa, you have to touch up the
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paint. So that's the job [laughing]. So we  got to Gibraltar and I had to wait for paint. So that's the job [laughing]. So we  got to Gibraltar and I had to wait for
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a month. Now my friend decided not to come because she's an Irish girlfriend and a month. Now my friend decided not to come because she's an Irish girlfriend and
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wouldn't leave her behind so then I went alone. I pick up ?you're trying to? I came wouldn't leave her behind so then I went alone. I pick up ?you're trying to? I came
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Perth, Fremantle. Oh, it's terrific. I liked the look of it and then went to Port Perth, Fremantle. Oh, it's terrific. I liked the look of it and then went to Port
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Adelaide. How fantastic! They were going to Melbourne, in Melbourne for some Adelaide. How fantastic! They were going to Melbourne, in Melbourne for some
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reason, the ship was going to stay 2 days.  More cargo, somebody had to go backwards reason, the ship was going to stay 2 days.  More cargo, somebody had to go backwards
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and forwards and I, I say Melbourne , uh, uh. I supposed to go to Sydney but that become and forwards and I, I say Melbourne , uh, uh. I supposed to go to Sydney but that become
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my case and got down to Melbourne. [Ingrid]How old were you then? [George]I was, uh,  my case and got down to Melbourne. [Ingrid]How old were you then? [George]I was, uh, 
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26 or so 26, 27. [Ingrid] And what year was this? [George] That was  26 or so 26, 27. [Ingrid] And what year was this? [George] That was 
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1951. [Ingrid] So what happened then? [George] Well,  what happens, I stayed in Melbourne. Now that's another 1951. [Ingrid] So what happened then? [George] Well,  what happens, I stayed in Melbourne. Now that's another
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story. I don't know if it fits in here but I, I, [clears throat] I couldn't speak English story. I don't know if it fits in here but I, I, [clears throat] I couldn't speak English
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but on the ship, because I come from Spain, it was but on the ship, because I come from Spain, it was
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a fellow called Mr. Maloney, is Catholic,   says,  'You Spanish, you must be Catholic' a fellow called Mr. Maloney, is Catholic,   says,  'You Spanish, you must be Catholic'
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and well, all Spanish are Catholics  and fine, leave it at that and there were some nuns, and well, all Spanish are Catholics  and fine, leave it at that and there were some nuns,
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they were coming from they were coming from
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a eucon, euccon, Eucumenical something conference somewhere in Rome.  a eucon, euccon, Eucumenical something conference somewhere in Rome. 
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returning to Adelaide. Now these nuns, pfftt, prepped me and taught me  English every day I had to learn returning to Adelaide. Now these nuns, pfftt, prepped me and taught me  English every day I had to learn
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20 new words in English  and every day I have to write handkerchief and write 20 new words in English  and every day I have to write handkerchief and write
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everything while all the others having fun playing things on the swimming pool everything while all the others having fun playing things on the swimming pool
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I've spent the time with the nuns, all licking ice creams, but I can.. arrived here  I've spent the time with the nuns, all licking ice creams, but I can.. arrived here 
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could speak English. Not , um,.. good enough so thanks to the nuns. When I arrived in Melbourne then could speak English. Not , um,.. good enough so thanks to the nuns. When I arrived in Melbourne then
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. Oh,I'm going to stay here so one said you buy a paper that's called The Age. . Oh,I'm going to stay here so one said you buy a paper that's called The Age.
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and in there, at the back, is all sort of  information about boarding houses, hotels, and things. You'll and in there, at the back, is all sort of  information about boarding houses, hotels, and things. You'll
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find something so I took find something so I took
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a little tram, oh I can't remember how I went to Mel-Flinders St station and I  a little tram, oh I can't remember how I went to Mel-Flinders St station and I 
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bought The Age. bought The Age.
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Was cost Was cost
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8 pence,  they call it, no,  threepence, it was threepence, a zac. I bought a paper 8 pence,  they call it, no,  threepence, it was threepence, a zac. I bought a paper
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and I've got  to read that carefully, had a dictionary as well so I went across the and I've got  to read that carefully, had a dictionary as well so I went across the
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street I read,  and sat at  St Paul's, St Paul's church there. There some seats there and I sit   street I read,  and sat at  St Paul's, St Paul's church there. There some seats there and I sit  
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a policeman came along and said, I don't know exactly what he said, but  but you cannot be here, you cannot be here at a policeman came along and said, I don't know exactly what he said, but  but you cannot be here, you cannot be here at
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all because it says on the floor, 'Ladies only', still there that seat,  you know, all because it says on the floor, 'Ladies only', still there that seat,  you know,
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 Still there. I was sitting there. Anyhow so he want to know what is I am doing.  I'm looking  Still there. I was sitting there. Anyhow so he want to know what is I am doing.  I'm looking
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for accommodation to  had to know how to go about it because I couldn't understand for accommodation to  had to know how to go about it because I couldn't understand
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the abbreviation B&B the abbreviation B&B
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and ?wd? and ?wd?
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and wh-wh-what's all that mean so he helped me he send me to Albert Street East and wh-wh-what's all that mean so he helped me he send me to Albert Street East
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Melbourne, to a house in 110 Albert St. There was Melbourne, to a house in 110 Albert St. There was
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a boarding house and he knew the lady there,  tell her that you had met me and he brought a boarding house and he knew the lady there,  tell her that you had met me and he brought
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his name. And anyhow, in one day I got one room so that was my first  his name. And anyhow, in one day I got one room so that was my first 
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accomodation there. [Ingrid] And what about your first job? [George] Ah, well, then, then you also had Mr Maloney accomodation there. [Ingrid] And what about your first job? [George] Ah, well, then, then you also had Mr Maloney
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that man that was on the ship said, so, uh, so you can draw that man that was on the ship said, so, uh, so you can draw
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 houses and can draw things and said  yes, . Oh right, look, uh, I'll tell you what you do, you can do  houses and can draw things and said  yes, . Oh right, look, uh, I'll tell you what you do, you can do
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 put, apply for a job at the Melbourne Metropolitan Water Works.   put, apply for a job at the Melbourne Metropolitan Water Works. 
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I have a, I start a new job with the planning of Melbourne and I think they need people. I have a, I start a new job with the planning of Melbourne and I think they need people.
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Another long story, finally I went to Melbourne Metropolitan Waterworks and find my Another long story, finally I went to Melbourne Metropolitan Waterworks and find my
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 way into an office and there was a clerk there with a bowler hat. There is  way into an office and there was a clerk there with a bowler hat. There is
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a bowler hat and asked me a few things. Well, here is a bowler hat and asked me a few things. Well, here is
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a form. You have to fill in that form. You mail it to us and we see what can be do about it so I a form. You have to fill in that form. You mail it to us and we see what can be do about it so I
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took the form.. and then walk across Spencer St, to Spencer St Station took the form.. and then walk across Spencer St, to Spencer St Station
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which was very different for what it is now, a little barn of  which was very different for what it is now, a little barn of 
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a place and I sat there thinking,  Oh, what does this mean? Dictionary, and there was a place and I sat there thinking,  Oh, what does this mean? Dictionary, and there was
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a tramp sitting next to me there, one of these tramps with an army card that a tramp sitting next to me there, one of these tramps with an army card that
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spend their times in the pubs. And, what are you putting in for the government are you? spend their times in the pubs. And, what are you putting in for the government are you?
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Said yes, I'm Said yes, I'm
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a make an application. 'Oh, yeah, putting in for the government'  Let's see'[with emphasis] and grabbed the form. 'Yeah, a make an application. 'Oh, yeah, putting in for the government'  Let's see'[with emphasis] and grabbed the form. 'Yeah,
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yeah, yeah, look. I'll fix it for you.  Come across. So he took the form yeah, yeah, look. I'll fix it for you.  Come across. So he took the form
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I followed him, went across at the corner of Spencer Street next to the Melbourne  I followed him, went across at the corner of Spencer Street next to the Melbourne 
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Metropolitan Water  Works which now is  the, the Hotel Savoy. Used to be, that was, uh, the Metropolitan Water  Works which now is  the, the Hotel Savoy. Used to be, that was, uh, the
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G.P.C.P.O. Central Post Office. The G.P.O G.P.C.P.O. Central Post Office. The G.P.O
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is the one in the centre of the city. These there are more parcels and things like is the one in the centre of the city. These there are more parcels and things like
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this but it was a , some desks with an ink set and from you could write this but it was a , some desks with an ink set and from you could write
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there, so he's, 'What's your name [loud]? and you you just and he  there, so he's, 'What's your name [loud]? and you you just and he 
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kept on asking things and now, you sign here and I signed and said go on take it kept on asking things and now, you sign here and I signed and said go on take it
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Su -sure, yes, yes, I'll wait for you.You go. So I went back and about an hour after I went to  see that Su -sure, yes, yes, I'll wait for you.You go. So I went back and about an hour after I went to  see that
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clerk and says, here it is. ?? He says I thought you were going to send it to when it was done.Anyhow, clerk and says, here it is. ?? He says I thought you were going to send it to when it was done.Anyhow,
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I got the job and I worked at I got the job and I worked at
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the Melbourne Metropolitan Water Works. I can, I can show you. In those days the Melbourne Metropolitan Water Works. I can, I can show you. In those days
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days. It's amazing. I did drawings for things that I didn't know very much about it days. It's amazing. I did drawings for things that I didn't know very much about it
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and things that didn't exist. It's and things that didn't exist. It's
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a book about. I'll show it to you. So anyhow, that was my first time and I've had  the permit for a book about. I'll show it to you. So anyhow, that was my first time and I've had  the permit for
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6 months to be here but I stayed 8 because my father got very sick and I decided to do back 6 months to be here but I stayed 8 because my father got very sick and I decided to do back
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so back to Spain. This is why I went to Immigration Department and asked for so back to Spain. This is why I went to Immigration Department and asked for
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a re-entry permit for another .You can't apply because you're not here to apply, you've gone. a re-entry permit for another .You can't apply because you're not here to apply, you've gone.
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So that was that [laughing]. Anyhow,  it was all right and it was fine  to So that was that [laughing]. Anyhow,  it was all right and it was fine  to
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organise it so I got organise it so I got
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a re-entry permit and I came back, 3 years after. [Ingrid] So you went back to Spain to see your a re-entry permit and I came back, 3 years after. [Ingrid] So you went back to Spain to see your
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father? [George] Yeah. [Ingrid]And then went? [George} And I went  to South America.  father? [George] Yeah. [Ingrid]And then went? [George} And I went  to South America. 
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[Ingrid] For a couple of years. [George] And then came from South America to here. [Ingrid] Ok. So what happened when you got [Ingrid] For a couple of years. [George] And then came from South America to here. [Ingrid] Ok. So what happened when you got
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back here? [George] Oh, I already had contacts, I had met friends and things like this. There's back here? [George] Oh, I already had contacts, I had met friends and things like this. There's
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a, on the ship as well, it was another, another man said, oh, if you're an architect you got to a, on the ship as well, it was another, another man said, oh, if you're an architect you got to
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go and see Robert McIntyre. He's an architect, good architect. He does go and see Robert McIntyre. He's an architect, good architect. He does
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a lot of hotels so once I find my whereabouts, how to go from one a lot of hotels so once I find my whereabouts, how to go from one
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place to another in Melbourne, one day I went to Kew to see Robert McIntyre. place to another in Melbourne, one day I went to Kew to see Robert McIntyre.
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Mrs McIntyre says, No, you don't want to see Robert, you want  to see Peter. Robert's Mrs McIntyre says, No, you don't want to see Robert, you want  to see Peter. Robert's
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my husband. You want to see Peter.  He's your age. So Peter McIntyre my husband. You want to see Peter.  He's your age. So Peter McIntyre
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become a famous architect because become a famous architect because
11:55

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a group, Peter McIntyre,  John and ?inaudible? Murphy and Kevin Borland, all got together and a group, Peter McIntyre,  John and ?inaudible? Murphy and Kevin Borland, all got together and
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submitted submitted
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a proposal for the design of the Olympic swimming pool to come and they won it and a proposal for the design of the Olympic swimming pool to come and they won it and
12:07

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they were very popular and well known. So I got good friends with Peter and Peter took me they were very popular and well known. So I got good friends with Peter and Peter took me
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here and took me there and did all sorts of things. [Ingrid] So you worked with them for here and took me there and did all sorts of things. [Ingrid] So you worked with them for
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a while? [George] No, not to work with him. Work at the Melbourne Metropolitan Water Works  but uh, when I came back I a while? [George] No, not to work with him. Work at the Melbourne Metropolitan Water Works  but uh, when I came back I
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wrote to Peter said, You come here and I'll see you and find wrote to Peter said, You come here and I'll see you and find
12:27

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a job straight away for you. It was no problem at all. [Ingrid] Cool, so how did you lead into Antarctica? What was the link there? a job straight away for you. It was no problem at all. [Ingrid] Cool, so how did you lead into Antarctica? What was the link there?
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Well, because, uh, I found my way up to going to Mount Buller skiing, Well, because, uh, I found my way up to going to Mount Buller skiing,
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and I met some other people that were skiing,  one of them was an architect that is now and I met some other people that were skiing,  one of them was an architect that is now
12:46

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dead and that used to go skiing dead and that used to go skiing
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a lot at Mount Buller and he had designed a ski hut which, uh, they were building it, a lot at Mount Buller and he had designed a ski hut which, uh, they were building it,
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a group of them, as a working bee had   a group of them, as a working bee had  
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a long weekend. So I went there working,  helping,  and one of the fellows working there a long weekend. So I went there working,  helping,  and one of the fellows working there
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was Dick Thompson, as was Dick Thompson, as
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a friend of him and he was working there and met Dick, like met many others and just a friend of him and he was working there and met Dick, like met many others and just
13:11

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generally talking about Antartica and ice and cold weather and things like this. We just start generally talking about Antartica and ice and cold weather and things like this. We just start
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 talking about it and  said, [cough] 'Why don't  you go to Antarctica'. Puh, how do you do that?  talking about it and  said, [cough] 'Why don't  you go to Antarctica'. Puh, how do you do that?
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Oh, yeah, well, look, the weather, just things like that. You got the weather bureau; they  always looking Oh, yeah, well, look, the weather, just things like that. You got the weather bureau; they  always looking
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for people. So that's how it started. I went to the Weather bureau, met several for people. So that's how it started. I went to the Weather bureau, met several
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people, told them what I would like to do and they said, Well, if your qualifications are as a  people, told them what I would like to do and they said, Well, if your qualifications are as a 
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architect, we'll accept that. Uh, but you have to be accepted by Antartica division  so architect, we'll accept that. Uh, but you have to be accepted by Antartica division  so
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I went to Antarctica division and met, uh,  Eric Macklin, the think it was at the time. I went to Antarctica division and met, uh,  Eric Macklin, the think it was at the time.
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Then eventually Then eventually
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a ?few law? and talked about the whole thing.  Say, well, look, it will be all right if they a ?few law? and talked about the whole thing.  Say, well, look, it will be all right if they
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accept you, we will accept you and things like this. You have to pass medical examination, accept you, we will accept you and things like this. You have to pass medical examination,
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you've got to do a few other things. You've got to work for us, you've  got to talk to them you've got to do a few other things. You've got to work for us, you've  got to talk to them
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Anyhow, that sort of things. So it was all organised and everything went very nicely. [Ingrid] So for you Anyhow, that sort of things. So it was all organised and everything went very nicely. [Ingrid] So for you
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the attraction of going to Antarctica was the cold, the snow? [George] Yeah, the mountains, the weather, the the attraction of going to Antarctica was the cold, the snow? [George] Yeah, the mountains, the weather, the
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environment. Yeah and  all the  living in the hut, ?the darks? coming in. Living in environment. Yeah and  all the  living in the hut, ?the darks? coming in. Living in
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a hut, without believing. This sort of thing, I had done in minor scale but a hut, without believing. This sort of thing, I had done in minor scale but
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doing it in the largest scale over much  longer periods of time. [Ingrid] So that has been one of  doing it in the largest scale over much  longer periods of time. [Ingrid] So that has been one of 
14:36

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big interests back in Spain? Yes, it was.Yes, yes [Ingrid] In the Pyrenees? [George] Yes, mostly. We had big interests back in Spain? Yes, it was.Yes, yes [Ingrid] In the Pyrenees? [George] Yes, mostly. We had
14:43

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a couple of trips to the Alps, in France but we had to do it without passports a couple of trips to the Alps, in France but we had to do it without passports
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because, uh, we didn't have passports to leave Spain so had to smuggle through because, uh, we didn't have passports to leave Spain so had to smuggle through
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a frontier to go into France and smuggle through a frontier to go into France and smuggle through
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a frontier into Spain. [Ingrid] So, what did the pre-departure training a frontier into Spain. [Ingrid] So, what did the pre-departure training
15:02

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involve? [George] To what? [Ingrid] Before you went down to Macquarie Island. [George] Oh, well,  with  involve? [George] To what? [Ingrid] Before you went down to Macquarie Island. [George] Oh, well,  with 
15:09

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meteorology, they gave us meteorology, they gave us
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a 6 weeks course on, on weather observing:  how to read the weather, how to a 6 weeks course on, on weather observing:  how to read the weather, how to
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observe everything. How to code it. A lot of, a lot observe everything. How to code it. A lot of, a lot
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a lot of all these instruments everything  and we did a lot of all these instruments everything  and we did
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a lot of practices from the roof of a lot of practices from the roof of
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a house in Melbourne. Sometimes we used to go to Essendon airport because they'd have a house in Melbourne. Sometimes we used to go to Essendon airport because they'd have
15:32

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a bureau there, for the weather, for the aeroplanes and release balloons and to do things a bureau there, for the weather, for the aeroplanes and release balloons and to do things
15:38

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like this and also through the Antartica division, we had to go to Tottenham like this and also through the Antartica division, we had to go to Tottenham
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to help pack things and that's your time or that's after your time? [Ingrid] Before my time [laughing] [George] Yeah,  and to help pack things and that's your time or that's after your time? [Ingrid] Before my time [laughing] [George] Yeah,  and
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we had to go there and all the equipment have to go down, had to be packed and  put we had to go there and all the equipment have to go down, had to be packed and  put
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together and in boxes, things like this, went there quite together and in boxes, things like this, went there quite
15:58

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a few times there. [Ingrid]  So were  you..  [George] And also a few times there. [Ingrid]  So were  you..  [George] And also
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a series of conference lectures at the   Melbourne University; tell us about Antarctic a series of conference lectures at the   Melbourne University; tell us about Antarctic
16:07

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the cold weather, dangers, observations,  the history, physics. Everything! the cold weather, dangers, observations,  the history, physics. Everything!
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Was very, very educative, very educational. [Ingrid] Did you have any contact with the people Was very, very educative, very educational. [Ingrid] Did you have any contact with the people
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that you would be going down with before you left? [George] Yes, I start to have , well, yes and no because  that you would be going down with before you left? [George] Yes, I start to have , well, yes and no because 
16:24

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in the group of meteorological things, we were  7 or ,no, 9 or so. Some had to go to in the group of meteorological things, we were  7 or ,no, 9 or so. Some had to go to
16:30

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more sometime Macquarie Island and some today for the 1st time at Wilkes which is now Casey more sometime Macquarie Island and some today for the 1st time at Wilkes which is now Casey
16:36

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was the 1st time. I know everyone want to go to Mawson. Everyone want was the 1st time. I know everyone want to go to Mawson. Everyone want
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to go to this,  everywhere. We agreed. Put all the names in the basket and pick up and see where we you to go to this,  everywhere. We agreed. Put all the names in the basket and pick up and see where we you
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go and I got Macquarie Island and it doesn't matter. Oh, I was quite happy with it go and I got Macquarie Island and it doesn't matter. Oh, I was quite happy with it
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and, uh, and I, there were another 2 chaps were going to Macquarie and, uh, and I, there were another 2 chaps were going to Macquarie
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The, uh, the  Officer in Charge,  Ian Black, he was appointed by the Bureau of Meteorology The, uh, the  Officer in Charge,  Ian Black, he was appointed by the Bureau of Meteorology
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. So he was . So he was
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a fully qualified. [George] Yes, fully qualified. [Ingrid] Meteorological person. [George] He was our boss. [Ingrid] So the a fully qualified. [George] Yes, fully qualified. [Ingrid] Meteorological person. [George] He was our boss. [Ingrid] So the
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the ?metoic? had done like the ?metoic? had done like
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a year of training, whereas the other 3 of you had done the 6 week course.[George] Yes oh yes a year of training, whereas the other 3 of you had done the 6 week course.[George] Yes oh yes
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yes and then with Tottenham. And the time go by yes and then with Tottenham. And the time go by
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a little bit of Bureau of Meteorology, a bit of Tottenham and the date of departure came a little bit of Bureau of Meteorology, a bit of Tottenham and the date of departure came
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we had a great day. We had a big ball, we had a great day. We had a big ball,
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a big party, with all the people that were going down and people were dancing and a big party, with all the people that were going down and people were dancing and
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oh, fantastic. And they don't do that anymore, and that was the sendoff and from then on oh, fantastic. And they don't do that anymore, and that was the sendoff and from then on
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You mentioned about the big ball. A lot of the men who went down would have been You mentioned about the big ball. A lot of the men who went down would have been
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single.  [George] Yes,  mostly. [Ingrid] How did  you find ladies to come to the ball? [George] Oh, they had girlfriends, like I had a girl friend single.  [George] Yes,  mostly. [Ingrid] How did  you find ladies to come to the ball? [George] Oh, they had girlfriends, like I had a girl friend
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They had girlfriends and they and look, this, well, [knocking]we did this  little They had girlfriends and they and look, this, well, [knocking]we did this  little
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course in meteorology. I am from Melbourne. Ted and Ortwin from course in meteorology. I am from Melbourne. Ted and Ortwin from
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Sydney. That's one from Brisbane. They were from all over the place. They came here Sydney. That's one from Brisbane. They were from all over the place. They came here
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and in no time til girls, til girlfriends.[Ingrid laughing] . The , most of them went and in no time til girls, til girlfriends.[Ingrid laughing] . The , most of them went
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to live in  to live in 
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a boarding house in Elsternwick, recommended by the Bureau of  Meteorology. First it a boarding house in Elsternwick, recommended by the Bureau of  Meteorology. First it
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was a woman to ?inaudible? a-a-accommodate was a woman to ?inaudible? a-a-accommodate
18:34

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a lot of people from the Bureau of Meteorology and somehow, they all have girl- a lot of people from the Bureau of Meteorology and somehow, they all have girl-
18:38

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friends in no time.[laughing]. [Ingrid] How did your girlfriend feel about you going down to  friends in no time.[laughing]. [Ingrid] How did your girlfriend feel about you going down to 
18:44

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Macquarie Island?  [George] Oh, it's all right. You meeted my wife. She's over there. It's, I'll ask her to come here Macquarie Island?  [George] Oh, it's all right. You meeted my wife. She's over there. It's, I'll ask her to come here
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a moment. [Ingrid] Oh, so she became your wife? [George] She, yes,  yes, oh, yes. [Ingrid] Very good. [George] She kept on a moment. [Ingrid] Oh, so she became your wife? [George] She, yes,  yes, oh, yes. [Ingrid] Very good. [George] She kept on
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sending these telegrams in codes. You remember these telegrams. [Ingrid] In the WHYSSA codes. [George] She complains  that  sending these telegrams in codes. You remember these telegrams. [Ingrid] In the WHYSSA codes. [George] She complains  that 
19:01

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that.. you  used to say, the Penguins have arrived. It has been very cold. that.. you  used to say, the Penguins have arrived. It has been very cold.
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[Ingrid] All right. So [George] And that was that and uh, we went down south and yes. [Ingrid] Can you tell me [Ingrid] All right. So [George] And that was that and uh, we went down south and yes. [Ingrid] Can you tell me
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a little bit about the trip down on the ship. [George] It was very uneventual. Good a little bit about the trip down on the ship. [George] It was very uneventual. Good
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good weather. Sometimes it gets pretty rough good weather. Sometimes it gets pretty rough
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a bit south of Tasmania but it wasn't. Also, there were, uh, you had a bit south of Tasmania but it wasn't. Also, there were, uh, you had
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2 Queen's ?Counts? invited for the experience to come and see what happens 2 Queen's ?Counts? invited for the experience to come and see what happens
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and also there were the Army Duck drivers plus three or four other  and also there were the Army Duck drivers plus three or four other 
19:48

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army men. They came  because in our shipment,  we had boxes and boxes and boxes of army men. They came  because in our shipment,  we had boxes and boxes and boxes of
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superseded army rifles and they decided,  they were going to dump them into the superseded army rifles and they decided,  they were going to dump them into the
20:01

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sea, south of Tasmania, where in a spot where the sea is very  deep. So they stop the sea, south of Tasmania, where in a spot where the sea is very  deep. So they stop the
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ship there and we all had to carry these boxes and throw them away there and they counted them all  ship there and we all had to carry these boxes and throw them away there and they counted them all 
20:11

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made it they all had gone . [Ingrid] How many boxes were there? [George] oh,   hundreds.  This, then, 303 rifles made it they all had gone . [Ingrid] How many boxes were there? [George] oh,   hundreds.  This, then, 303 rifles
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rifle. In each box there were two, I think. And through the boxes, through ?muffed? rifle. In each box there were two, I think. And through the boxes, through ?muffed?
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a-a-and counting them, counting them, to make sure  that nobody kept the box. [Ingrid]  Did anything a-a-and counting them, counting them, to make sure  that nobody kept the box. [Ingrid]  Did anything
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else go overboard as well. [George] No, just these boxes with rifles. I thought it was  else go overboard as well. [George] No, just these boxes with rifles. I thought it was 
20:35

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a waste because a lot of timber went  with  the boxes and also the metal of the a waste because a lot of timber went  with  the boxes and also the metal of the
20:40

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boxes could be turned into something but no, stick to dispose of them. [Ingrid] Um [George]   It took about boxes could be turned into something but no, stick to dispose of them. [Ingrid] Um [George]   It took about
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a few hours to dump the whole thing. That was all. [Ingrid] What were your 1st impressions of a few hours to dump the whole thing. That was all. [Ingrid] What were your 1st impressions of
20:52

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Macquarie Island when you arrived? [George] When we arrived, we didn't see the island at all Macquarie Island when you arrived? [George] When we arrived, we didn't see the island at all
20:56

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because complete foggy. Nothing! [laughing] What is that over there? But on the ship, there  was penguins because complete foggy. Nothing! [laughing] What is that over there? But on the ship, there  was penguins
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streaming all round. Oh, that's terrific. These colourful king penguins flying on the streaming all round. Oh, that's terrific. These colourful king penguins flying on the
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water there. And that was that and eventually we saw the island. Oh, it was all right.  I had seen water there. And that was that and eventually we saw the island. Oh, it was all right.  I had seen
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a lot of photographs and it was just what I expected. [Ingrid] Can you tell me a lot of photographs and it was just what I expected. [Ingrid] Can you tell me
21:19

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a little bit about the handover process with the 1958 crew? a little bit about the handover process with the 1958 crew?
21:30

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It went extremely well. I don't really know much because what happens is, uh,  we  had It went extremely well. I don't really know much because what happens is, uh,  we  had
21:35

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the main base at Buckles Bay and another one here was Hurd Point , another the main base at Buckles Bay and another one here was Hurd Point , another
21:40

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observatory and, uh, to find out the height and the mo-movement of the Aurora, there was observatory and, uh, to find out the height and the mo-movement of the Aurora, there was
21:45

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a camera pointing to the sky at Buckles Bay  and another  one at Hurd Point and they converge into a camera pointing to the sky at Buckles Bay  and another  one at Hurd Point and they converge into
21:51

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a point of the Aurora and ?bridge on $10.00 left of junctions?  to try to take a point of the Aurora and ?bridge on $10.00 left of junctions?  to try to take
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photographs and, and,  to,  that triangulation need to be exact distance between to the two cameras. photographs and, and,  to,  that triangulation need to be exact distance between to the two cameras.
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Now two surveyors from the Public Works Department came along with ,uh,  electronic cameras, Now two surveyors from the Public Works Department came along with ,uh,  electronic cameras,
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cameras that you didn't have to see, you send an electric beam and that reads the cameras that you didn't have to see, you send an electric beam and that reads the
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distance without seeing. And they had to have somebody to help them carry that and distance without seeing. And they had to have somebody to help them carry that and
22:18

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that, uh,  officer in charge said [shouting] You!  You've got ? your got? Come on.  I've got my that, uh,  officer in charge said [shouting] You!  You've got ? your got? Come on.  I've got my
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things. [in other voice] "Ah, forgot about your things.Go, go" .So pffff,  send me away. And all my luggage was just left things. [in other voice] "Ah, forgot about your things.Go, go" .So pffff,  send me away. And all my luggage was just left
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there. My bag and things left on the floor unattended somewhere, while the others there. My bag and things left on the floor unattended somewhere, while the others
22:35

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were getting rooms and things while I was there. I was out. There were helicopters were getting rooms and things while I was there. I was out. There were helicopters
22:40

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was helicopter taking us backwards and forwards. I spent 4 or 5 days with was helicopter taking us backwards and forwards. I spent 4 or 5 days with
22:45

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a helicopter and sleeping here and sleeping in huts. There weren't very many huts a helicopter and sleeping here and sleeping in huts. There weren't very many huts
22:49

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It was ?Green Point?,  Luisitania Bay and Hurd Point. No other huts like there now so It was ?Green Point?,  Luisitania Bay and Hurd Point. No other huts like there now so
22:55

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with the surveyors, we went from hut to hut and eventually I came back to Buckles  with the surveyors, we went from hut to hut and eventually I came back to Buckles 
23:01

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Bay. Most of the leaving party had packed up there things, ready to go and Bay. Most of the leaving party had packed up there things, ready to go and
23:08

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we had arrived and they all sort of, not talking to each other, or talking to we had arrived and they all sort of, not talking to each other, or talking to
23:13

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a lot to each other but they were standing about. I wasn't there exactly at the time a lot to each other but they were standing about. I wasn't there exactly at the time
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but when I arrived then Tom said, Ahh, got a problem, George because, uh, but when I arrived then Tom said, Ahh, got a problem, George because, uh,
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bunks for 14. I have my hut and the doctor has his hut and he's wonders bunks for 14. I have my hut and the doctor has his hut and he's wonders
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can't put anywhere. Just the biological hut left. Well, can I  have it? I had can't put anywhere. Just the biological hut left. Well, can I  have it? I had
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the biological. There was  no biology. Can have the hut?   You had to have, I  had to have my own so I the biological. There was  no biology. Can have the hut?   You had to have, I  had to have my own so I
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put my stuff there. It was good to live alone there. [Ingrid] So, everyone else except for the put my stuff there. It was good to live alone there. [Ingrid] So, everyone else except for the
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OIC and the doctor stayed in the Southern Aurora donga. [George] Yes, in the long building, OIC and the doctor stayed in the Southern Aurora donga. [George] Yes, in the long building,
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?and the?  cubicles each one [Ingrid] And there were  14 cubicles in it. [George] Yes, they were all there. The doctor had his hut and ?and the?  cubicles each one [Ingrid] And there were  14 cubicles in it. [George] Yes, they were all there. The doctor had his hut and
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the Officer in Charge and I had my little  hut so that's where it went and, uh, the Officer in Charge and I had my little  hut so that's where it went and, uh,
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there was there was
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a big party. Goodbye, goodbye and off they went and that's it [Ingrid] Cool. So can you  a big party. Goodbye, goodbye and off they went and that's it [Ingrid] Cool. So can you 
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just describe to me your living quarters at the Biology hut. [George] Well, Biology hut was a  just describe to me your living quarters at the Biology hut. [George] Well, Biology hut was a 
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a room, half of the size of that. [Ingrid] So  about 3 metres? [George]  Yeah, 3 metres by 4 metres a room, half of the size of that. [Ingrid] So  about 3 metres? [George]  Yeah, 3 metres by 4 metres
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and ,uh, there was and ,uh, there was
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a cupboard full of biological things: magnifying glasses , pipettes and all kinds a cupboard full of biological things: magnifying glasses , pipettes and all kinds
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of glassware in the laboratories and uh, uh, a  little corner, had turned into of glassware in the laboratories and uh, uh, a  little corner, had turned into
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a little dark room.  Somebody had done that, for photograph, photographs and at the  a little dark room.  Somebody had done that, for photograph, photographs and at the 
24:47

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other end was other end was
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a long room, something like 3 metres wide by 6 metres or so a long room, something like 3 metres wide by 6 metres or so
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and there was and there was
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a bath on one end and I made myself a little desk at the other end and that was my room and a bath on one end and I made myself a little desk at the other end and that was my room and
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there was a little window outside and the seals used  to come and bash on  the wall there. there was a little window outside and the seals used  to come and bash on  the wall there.
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So I, I  got So I, I  got
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a few drums and put them there so they bash the drums instead of the wall. [laughing] So there was good to a few drums and put them there so they bash the drums instead of the wall. [laughing] So there was good to
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have a little hut what gave me a lot of privacy. Because not, there was no,  have a little hut what gave me a lot of privacy. Because not, there was no, 
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no problem together once but some people snore, some people, sometimes they had no problem together once but some people snore, some people, sometimes they had
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dreams at night and then annoyed the others. Some worked in the night and sleeped dreams at night and then annoyed the others. Some worked in the night and sleeped
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during the day, this, this  sort of thing. But it was good to be independent. IT would prove to be during the day, this, this  sort of thing. But it was good to be independent. IT would prove to be
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a good thing. [Ingrid] Did anyone else say that they were jealous? [George] No, no, not really, not really a good thing. [Ingrid] Did anyone else say that they were jealous? [George] No, no, not really, not really
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No, no. [Ingrid] O.K. Can you tell me  No, no. [Ingrid] O.K. Can you tell me 
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a little bit about what your work program involved, your working day. [George] Well,  because, uh,  the Meteorological  a little bit about what your work program involved, your working day. [George] Well,  because, uh,  the Meteorological 
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programme  was 24 hours programme  was 24 hours
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a day, some others worked during the day, nothing. We had to work and, uh,  someone a day, some others worked during the day, nothing. We had to work and, uh,  someone
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had to be there. Every three hours,  had to run an observation, a  synoptic observation, every three hours. Plus,  in addition had to be there. Every three hours,  had to run an observation, a  synoptic observation, every three hours. Plus,  in addition
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to that, there were other special observations and things to do because 1958 was the to that, there were other special observations and things to do because 1958 was the
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International Geophysical Year. But it was extended  to part of the 1959 so we had to International Geophysical Year. But it was extended  to part of the 1959 so we had to
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do additional observations, like upper air-atmosphere observations and every day we had to send do additional observations, like upper air-atmosphere observations and every day we had to send
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a big balloon every day.  It was a ?radio sonar? and all these things but because of,   a big balloon every day.  It was a ?radio sonar? and all these things but because of,  
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of the extension of Geo-International Geophysical year, we had to send an enormous of the extension of Geo-International Geophysical year, we had to send an enormous
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balloon, a very big one to,  to carry the letters from  much balloon, a very big one to,  to carry the letters from  much
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further up and it was a lot of work in doing that because you had to make the further up and it was a lot of work in doing that because you had to make the
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hydrogen ourselves. [Ingrid] How did you do that? [George] Well, we had these, uh, hydrogen ourselves. [Ingrid] How did you do that? [George] Well, we had these, uh,
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barrels, make caustic soda,  caus-caust , water, warm water barrels, make caustic soda,  caus-caust , water, warm water
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caustic soda and iron filings and put it into the whole ?reactor agent? caustic soda and iron filings and put it into the whole ?reactor agent?
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and oxygen  and these big tubes. They're enormous tubes, oh, uh,  3 and oxygen  and these big tubes. They're enormous tubes, oh, uh,  3
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metres long, about 300 or say 400 cm  diameter that pivoted metres long, about 300 or say 400 cm  diameter that pivoted
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at one end. You had to shake them up. [shaking noise] You could hear and they had a little  gauge and you could at one end. You had to shake them up. [shaking noise] You could hear and they had a little  gauge and you could
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see the pressure was building inside and was already hydrogen. It was - then had to connect the see the pressure was building inside and was already hydrogen. It was - then had to connect the
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hydrogen to fill balloons. You had to make. There's quite a lot of  work. To obtain the water, to make hydrogen to fill balloons. You had to make. There's quite a lot of  work. To obtain the water, to make
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the hydrogen, it was the hydrogen, it was
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a hardest part because the was water frozen. [Ingrid] So where did you get it from?  [George] Well, hah!  From the sea if a hardest part because the was water frozen. [Ingrid] So where did you get it from?  [George] Well, hah!  From the sea if
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possible. Took a bucket, throw  the bucket into the water and bring it back. [Ingrid On a rope?  possible. Took a bucket, throw  the bucket into the water and bring it back. [Ingrid On a rope? 
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Yeah,  salt water worked and then keep on filling Yeah,  salt water worked and then keep on filling
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a barrel. It  was the hardest part, to get the water. [Ingrid] How did you get the water warm? a barrel. It  was the hardest part, to get the water. [Ingrid] How did you get the water warm?
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Had to have Had to have
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a fire or electricity, electric heater, to melt the ice.  [Ingrid] And  a fire or electricity, electric heater, to melt the ice.  [Ingrid] And 
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was that in the Met? [George] That was in the Met hut, in the Isthmus. But I don't know. When, when were you there ? was that in the Met? [George] That was in the Met hut, in the Isthmus. But I don't know. When, when were you there ?
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there. What year? [Ingrid] 2000. [George] Well,  from the from, from, [clears throat] from the main camp you there. What year? [Ingrid] 2000. [George] Well,  from the from, from, [clears throat] from the main camp you
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walked towards the Isthmus, probably the radio huts, it's walked towards the Isthmus, probably the radio huts, it's
28:27

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a big, big dome there. So,  in that area there, there used to be the radio hut a big, big dome there. So,  in that area there, there used to be the radio hut
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and the Met hut. and the Met hut.
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A  bit further, there was the seismic hut and the ?cost rate? huts were scattered A  bit further, there was the seismic hut and the ?cost rate? huts were scattered
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The Isthmus there. [Ingrid] Once you'd made the oxy- hydrogen, what happened then? [George] [clears throat] There was a  The Isthmus there. [Ingrid] Once you'd made the oxy- hydrogen, what happened then? [George] [clears throat] There was a 
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, there was a  connect pipe to the balloon hut and fill the balloon, fill the balloon. The balloon, , there was a  connect pipe to the balloon hut and fill the balloon, fill the balloon. The balloon,
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the balloon was attached to the balloon was attached to
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a little weight and when the balloon suddenly floated away, then you had, what you a little weight and when the balloon suddenly floated away, then you had, what you
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want, just stop. And if run out of gas, you have to go back disconnect that and connect another want, just stop. And if run out of gas, you have to go back disconnect that and connect another
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bottle. [Ingrid] So as soon as the weight started to lift off the ground, you knew you had the right bottle. [Ingrid] So as soon as the weight started to lift off the ground, you knew you had the right
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amount in the balloon? [George]  That's right.Yes. There were,  there were 500 gr, uh, 500 amount in the balloon? [George]  That's right.Yes. There were,  there were 500 gr, uh, 500
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gram balloons, and there was a uh,uh,uh thousand grams  gram balloons, and there was a uh,uh,uh thousand grams 
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 balloon and one kilo balloons and other things. Depends. [Ingrid]  What happened, once the balloon was  balloon and one kilo balloons and other things. Depends. [Ingrid]  What happened, once the balloon was
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released. [George] Well, to release it was quite bit of a problem sometime with the wind but a few   released. [George] Well, to release it was quite bit of a problem sometime with the wind but a few  
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minutes to get it out [wind noise]. It goes. [coughing]And immediately have to go back to the Radiosonde device minutes to get it out [wind noise]. It goes. [coughing]And immediately have to go back to the Radiosonde device
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that tracks it cause it's got a  radio and radio transmits, uh, distance and temperatures that tracks it cause it's got a  radio and radio transmits, uh, distance and temperatures
29:48

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and humidity and you have to keep some few things and get some information quickly, quickly, and humidity and you have to keep some few things and get some information quickly, quickly,
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with with
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a special rule, calculate distance, keep on plotting it, during the  flight and when you saw that instead a special rule, calculate distance, keep on plotting it, during the  flight and when you saw that instead
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of going up, was going down to explode it, because as it keep going up, keep on of going up, was going down to explode it, because as it keep going up, keep on
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expanding, expanding, expanding and it , ppff, burst.[Ingrid] Did you have any other duties as the Met expanding, expanding, expanding and it , ppff, burst.[Ingrid] Did you have any other duties as the Met
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man. [George] Oh yes. Well, there was always the slushie. Did you have slushie in your time? Well, that happened man. [George] Oh yes. Well, there was always the slushie. Did you have slushie in your time? Well, that happened
30:21

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very quickly. [laughing] Well, once,  once every 18 days or so. very quickly. [laughing] Well, once,  once every 18 days or so.
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Just clean up everything, help the cook. Make sure everything is spick and  Just clean up everything, help the cook. Make sure everything is spick and 
30:36

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span. [Ingrid] What was the kitchen like? [George] Oh, well, it was a primitive kitchen but, uh, good. We had span. [Ingrid] What was the kitchen like? [George] Oh, well, it was a primitive kitchen but, uh, good. We had
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a good cook, good cook. He provided good meals and very friendly sort of chap. a good cook, good cook. He provided good meals and very friendly sort of chap.
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[Ingrid] Did you have any fresh meat or fresh produce? [George] No, no, nothing fresh, no,  but, uh,  [Ingrid] Did you have any fresh meat or fresh produce? [George] No, no, nothing fresh, no,  but, uh, 
30:55

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plentiful. There was a special refrigerator just for eggs because eggs can, they had to be kept  plentiful. There was a special refrigerator just for eggs because eggs can, they had to be kept 
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cool but not cold. They had to be 5 degree eggs so it's cool but not cold. They had to be 5 degree eggs so it's
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a 5 degree refrigerator just eggs a 5 degree refrigerator just eggs
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alone.  There were lots of eggs and towards the end of the year, some eggs were not right so alone.  There were lots of eggs and towards the end of the year, some eggs were not right so
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when had scrambled eggs or omelettes for breakfast, you had break the eggs one when had scrambled eggs or omelettes for breakfast, you had break the eggs one
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by one. Ok. One by one. Ohh, find some, a bad one. [Ingrid} And what sort of by one. Ok. One by one. Ohh, find some, a bad one. [Ingrid} And what sort of
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meals did you have when you were down there? [George] Oh, I can't remember but, uh, meals did you have when you were down there? [George] Oh, I can't remember but, uh,
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Good, meals [Ingrid] Did you need to do any of the cooking while you were there? [George] Oh, some. I don't like cooking I Good, meals [Ingrid] Did you need to do any of the cooking while you were there? [George] Oh, some. I don't like cooking I
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didn't but some did because the cook was given a day didn't but some did because the cook was given a day
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a week off and the slushie cooked.  Well, I sort of, the cook left a week off and the slushie cooked.  Well, I sort of, the cook left
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a lot of things for me to do, put this in the oven, do this and that and that's that. While other people like , uh, I'm not a lot of things for me to do, put this in the oven, do this and that and that's that. While other people like , uh, I'm not
31:59

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a good cook, I'm not interested. Bread and butter and such. That's good enough but a good cook, I'm not interested. Bread and butter and such. That's good enough but
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others relished and prepared things. Some of their mates made scones not scones,  others relished and prepared things. Some of their mates made scones not scones, 
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something like that and they found something like that and they found
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a box with artificial colouring and everything they made was pink, or blue or purple a box with artificial colouring and everything they made was pink, or blue or purple
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because they tried these colourings [Laughing] It was bloody awful  but still, they found these because they tried these colourings [Laughing] It was bloody awful  but still, they found these
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artificial colouring [laughing]. [Ingrid] Were there any other memorable meals? artificial colouring [laughing]. [Ingrid] Were there any other memorable meals?
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Well, there were always  some memorable meals. There was a  Well, there were always  some memorable meals. There was a 
32:36

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a special occasion: the Queen's birthday or uh, the  anniversary of Douglas Mawson doing a special occasion: the Queen's birthday or uh, the  anniversary of Douglas Mawson doing
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something, plus birthdays. So in something, plus birthdays. So in
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a year there were certain number of birthdays and uh, dates to be remembered and a year there were certain number of birthdays and uh, dates to be remembered and
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all these things were celebrated because they're the ones that made beer, the cook all these things were celebrated because they're the ones that made beer, the cook
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and and
32:60

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a couple them, (Adrian was one of them), they knew how to make beer and they make a couple them, (Adrian was one of them), they knew how to make beer and they make
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good beer. Sometimes the bottles, you just shake it a bit and the bottle would explode. good beer. Sometimes the bottles, you just shake it a bit and the bottle would explode.
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Sometimes was flat as water but we drank it all [laughing]. [Ingrid] Did you have any other alcohol Sometimes was flat as water but we drank it all [laughing]. [Ingrid] Did you have any other alcohol
33:17

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as well on station? [George] Yes, actually, we, we, well Stefan Csordas, do you remember Stefan? Stefan had been   as well on station? [George] Yes, actually, we, we, well Stefan Csordas, do you remember Stefan? Stefan had been  
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had been there 3 times and he knew how to work these things . Said the 1st year had been there 3 times and he knew how to work these things . Said the 1st year
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I came here in the 1st 3 months,  we drank everything! There was nothing left.  The 2nd year we I came here in the 1st 3 months,  we drank everything! There was nothing left.  The 2nd year we
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tried to ration it, but it was no  tried to ration it, but it was no 
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good. No. He said [clears throat] a  can, good. No. He said [clears throat] a  can,
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a can a day per person. You'll get them once a week. 6 cans or 7 cans a can a day per person. You'll get them once a week. 6 cans or 7 cans
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a week. You do whatever your like and then celebrate Saturday or Sunday if you like. a week. You do whatever your like and then celebrate Saturday or Sunday if you like.
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. Oh, and it's sp-spirit or wine. Lots of wine. But people didn't drink wine in 1959 . Oh, and it's sp-spirit or wine. Lots of wine. But people didn't drink wine in 1959
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There were There were
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a lot of wines, Seppelts wine  and ?Miller? wine or something. People didn't drink wine. a lot of wines, Seppelts wine  and ?Miller? wine or something. People didn't drink wine.
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It was just left there.  Not even sherry. People didn't drink it.  There were bottles of port, It was just left there.  Not even sherry. People didn't drink it.  There were bottles of port,
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Nobody touch them. Beer, yes. Now, these days, people drink wine. They didn't then. [Ingrid] So  Nobody touch them. Beer, yes. Now, these days, people drink wine. They didn't then. [Ingrid] So 
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with your alcohol supply, you were getting a certain number of cans a week? [George] Yes. with your alcohol supply, you were getting a certain number of cans a week? [George] Yes.
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[Ingrid] A  week from the division. [George] Well, yes, from the division, yes. [Ingrid] and then on top of that you had [Ingrid] A  week from the division. [George] Well, yes, from the division, yes. [Ingrid] and then on top of that you had
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the homers or the beer that you the homers or the beer that you
34:26

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made  as well. [George] Yes yes. And also Stephan organise that one day there was made  as well. [George] Yes yes. And also Stephan organise that one day there was
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a party, he found another couple dozen cans for the party. So it went all a party, he found another couple dozen cans for the party. So it went all
34:38

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right.Ah, there were only 2 or 3 that drank  right.Ah, there were only 2 or 3 that drank 
34:41

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a lot. [Ingrid] So where,  [George] Most of them, just  social drinking.  [Ingrid] So where did they a lot. [Ingrid] So where,  [George] Most of them, just  social drinking.  [Ingrid] So where did they
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keep the cans of beer? [George]  Well, it was keep the cans of beer? [George]  Well, it was
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a, a,  couple of Nissen huts, I don't know if they are still there. That  was one, was a food store. It was there, a, a,  couple of Nissen huts, I don't know if they are still there. That  was one, was a food store. It was there,
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there. [Ingrid] Were they locked up or just in the food store? [George] oh, yes reasonably locked up, nobody broke into there. [Ingrid] Were they locked up or just in the food store? [George] oh, yes reasonably locked up, nobody broke into
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anything. If you want to, if somebody want to break in, they could. Nobody did  and the anything. If you want to, if somebody want to break in, they could. Nobody did  and the
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other Nissen huts was also [couging] was also  storage and workshops and things like these other Nissen huts was also [couging] was also  storage and workshops and things like these
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In our, um, in our time,  we actually had In our, um, in our time,  we actually had
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a locked up area for the alcohol. It was called Fort Knox. [George] Oh, Fort Knox was a locked up area for the alcohol. It was called Fort Knox. [George] Oh, Fort Knox was
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a toilet in our case. [Ingrid] Oh. [both laughing] [George] Fort Knox was a toilet in our case. [Ingrid] Oh. [both laughing] [George] Fort Knox was
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a toilet at, at, uh,  Hurd Point.  [Ingrid] And why was it called Fort Knox? [George] Oh, oh,  I don't know why they a toilet at, at, uh,  Hurd Point.  [Ingrid] And why was it called Fort Knox? [George] Oh, oh,  I don't know why they
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call it Fort Knox. [laughing] [Ingrid] Did you have  call it Fort Knox. [laughing] [Ingrid] Did you have 
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a special celebration at midwinters? [George] Yes, oh, yes, yes. [Ingrid] Can you tell me a special celebration at midwinters? [George] Yes, oh, yes, yes. [Ingrid] Can you tell me
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a little bit about what you did for midwinters? [George] Well, uh,  a little bit about what you did for midwinters? [George] Well, uh, 
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They, they building a bar, for start, and one dressed as a  They, they building a bar, for start, and one dressed as a 
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a barman and that was, you go to the bar, put the elbow on the bar and  a barman and that was, you go to the bar, put the elbow on the bar and 
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a drink at the bar, like it was a bar.  I painted some girls on the walls and a drink at the bar, like it was a bar.  I painted some girls on the walls and
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they build a little stage and there were they build a little stage and there were
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a little, uh, comedy sketches and things.  People doing this and that, are singing a little, uh, comedy sketches and things.  People doing this and that, are singing
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a song. [Ingrid] Adrian Dean mentioned that he'd built the mess and the walls were very a song. [Ingrid] Adrian Dean mentioned that he'd built the mess and the walls were very
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blank or they hadn't been painted. [George] Yes . [Ingrid] And he  also told me that you'd actually blank or they hadn't been painted. [George] Yes . [Ingrid] And he  also told me that you'd actually
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done quite done quite
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a few pictures on them. [George]  Yes that's right.  That's what I did. Before and then they a few pictures on them. [George]  Yes that's right.  That's what I did. Before and then they
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painted them over. [Ingrid] Can you tell me painted them over. [Ingrid] Can you tell me
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a little bit about the girls that you painted? What they were like? [George] Ah,  they were not, not rude a little bit about the girls that you painted? What they were like? [George] Ah,  they were not, not rude
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just, just,
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a bit undressed but, uh,   but not,  nothing pornographic at all, no. Nothing. It was very  a bit undressed but, uh,   but not,  nothing pornographic at all, no. Nothing. It was very 
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acceptable.  Look, I've got photographs somewhere. [Ingrid] Were they acceptable.  Look, I've got photographs somewhere. [Ingrid] Were they
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they, um, young ladies or old ladies? [George]  Oh yes,  young nice ones, ladies [laughing] [Ingrid] Were they  they, um, young ladies or old ladies? [George]  Oh yes,  young nice ones, ladies [laughing] [Ingrid] Were they 
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modelled on anyone that you knew?  [George] No, no, no, no. Just out of modelled on anyone that you knew?  [George] No, no, no, no. Just out of
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a magazine. But we didn't have very many magazines. Well, but another thing that happened a magazine. But we didn't have very many magazines. Well, but another thing that happened
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is um, next to the meteorological hut,  there was another little hut where we kept our is um, next to the meteorological hut,  there was another little hut where we kept our
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supplies; of balloons, radiosondes and all this supplies; of balloons, radiosondes and all this
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equipment and there was some boxes there. 'cept we don't know what they were. equipment and there was some boxes there. 'cept we don't know what they were.
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They were there to be opened, with something and while we  packing They were there to be opened, with something and while we  packing
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to leave the island, said we've got to clear all that. We have to leave it clean for the others. Now, to leave the island, said we've got to clear all that. We have to leave it clean for the others. Now,
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now, what these boxes. Oh, I don't know. So we  opened them up and they were full of batteries now, what these boxes. Oh, I don't know. So we  opened them up and they were full of batteries
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and things,  to be used for something,  for personal use. But whoever and things,  to be used for something,  for personal use. But whoever
37:38

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 packed them, put in  several copies of  packed them, put in  several copies of
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a magazine that was popular, I think it was  Post, or  something like that. It was a magazine that was popular, I think it was  Post, or  something like that. It was
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?Post, not? , it was a bit risqué, ?Post, not? , it was a bit risqué,
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a little, little, little bit, a  little bit and that was  discovered the last a little, little, little bit, a  little bit and that was  discovered the last
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thing. We were just leaving. Look at that. Give it to me. Come on. These magazines. The thing. We were just leaving. Look at that. Give it to me. Come on. These magazines. The
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last minute. They had been there all year. [Ingrid] Very unfair. [George] Not knowing [laughing] last minute. They had been there all year. [Ingrid] Very unfair. [George] Not knowing [laughing]
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But that was the only thing that was a bit risqué. These magazines [Ingrid] So did you But that was the only thing that was a bit risqué. These magazines [Ingrid] So did you
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leave the magazines on station or did you take them  with you on the ship [George] No, no, nothing was left leave the magazines on station or did you take them  with you on the ship [George] No, no, nothing was left
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No, that, no. [Ingrid] Adrian also made comment that you were actually No, that, no. [Ingrid] Adrian also made comment that you were actually
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a very good cartoonist. [George] Well, I did a lot  of drawings there, of all sorts of things. a very good cartoonist. [George] Well, I did a lot  of drawings there, of all sorts of things.
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[Ingrid] What sorts of things? [George]  I can show you.  I can show you a few things. I wrote [Ingrid] What sorts of things? [George]  I can show you.  I can show you a few things. I wrote
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a book as well. [clears throat] I'll show it to you. a book as well. [clears throat] I'll show it to you.
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[Ingrid] So what was the book about? [George] Oh, it was about Macquarie Island,1959. Look, ah, in fact,  [Ingrid] So what was the book about? [George] Oh, it was about Macquarie Island,1959. Look, ah, in fact, 
38:45

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if, I don't know if I can go and get it now. Oh, no  if, I don't know if I can go and get it now. Oh, no 
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I'd better not interrupt. I'll show it to  you after. I will show you, I've got I'd better not interrupt. I'll show it to  you after. I will show you, I've got
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a little office there, lots of drawings and things [Ingrid] What else did you do with your spare time,   a little office there, lots of drawings and things [Ingrid] What else did you do with your spare time,  
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George? [George] These things, drawings and, uh . I made George? [George] These things, drawings and, uh . I made
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a violin, used to play a violin. I took a guitar and started to learn to play guitar. But I made a violin, used to play a violin. I took a guitar and started to learn to play guitar. But I made
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a violin which was good for the parties. I'll show it to you after. [Ingrid]  How did  you make a violin which was good for the parties. I'll show it to you after. [Ingrid]  How did  you make
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the violin?  [George] Well, made out of a , uh,  out of a milk tin and bits of wood and the violin?  [George] Well, made out of a , uh,  out of a milk tin and bits of wood and
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Adrian helped me  to turn, to turn the pegs for violin. Adrian turned them. [Ingrid]   Had you Adrian helped me  to turn, to turn the pegs for violin. Adrian turned them. [Ingrid]   Had you
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thought of making a violin before you went down there? [George] No,  no ,no. I just thought it would be nice to have. thought of making a violin before you went down there? [George] No,  no ,no. I just thought it would be nice to have.
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Of some ?kind of? instruments  [Ingrid] Had you ever played violin before? Of some ?kind of? instruments  [Ingrid] Had you ever played violin before?
39:35

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[George] A little bit. [Ingrid] A little bit.  So when you were on Macquarie Island, did you have [George] A little bit. [Ingrid] A little bit.  So when you were on Macquarie Island, did you have
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a band or sing alongs? [George] No, no. There was one fellow who play a band or sing alongs? [George] No, no. There was one fellow who play
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a trumpet. It was Rod Hollingsworth. He used to play the trumpet, not very well but played it. I  played the guitar  a trumpet. It was Rod Hollingsworth. He used to play the trumpet, not very well but played it. I  played the guitar 
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pretty well and that was all. No, no,  no, no musical people. [Ingrid]  Did you pretty well and that was all. No, no,  no, no musical people. [Ingrid]  Did you
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ever play together? [George] Oh, well, oh, mid-winter dinners and maybe at parties as well ever play together? [George] Oh, well, oh, mid-winter dinners and maybe at parties as well
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as well,  but the instruments come out and tried to do something. Yes, sometimes. [Ingrid] When you as well,  but the instruments come out and tried to do something. Yes, sometimes. [Ingrid] When you
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were down there, did you play music that had been written by other people or stuff were down there, did you play music that had been written by other people or stuff
40:12

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that you invented? [George] music by other people, lots of record, records there. That there that you invented? [George] music by other people, lots of record, records there. That there
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were no tapes then, yet. No DVDs, no, no CDs either, just records. Just records. [Ingrid] So what with the more were no tapes then, yet. No DVDs, no, no CDs either, just records. Just records. [Ingrid] So what with the more
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popular records? Um, [breathing] I can't  actually say which was the most popular. popular records? Um, [breathing] I can't  actually say which was the most popular.
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Some of them were played over and over and over  Some of them were played over and over and over 
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again, like the films.  We had some films, again, like the films.  We had some films,
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films, big reels.  You had to put,  you know, those old  machines and I think one of the most films, big reels.  You had to put,  you know, those old  machines and I think one of the most
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popular films  was Pride and Prejudice with popular films  was Pride and Prejudice with
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Laurence Olivier. We saw it many times. [laughing] Everybody, everybody liked Laurence Olivier. We saw it many times. [laughing] Everybody, everybody liked
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it. [Ingrid] So other than, um, your work program as a it. [Ingrid] So other than, um, your work program as a
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Met observer and doing the slushie, did you help other people with their work programs as well? [George]  Yes, yes. I did. Met observer and doing the slushie, did you help other people with their work programs as well? [George]  Yes, yes. I did.
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Yes, yes, yes actually I did.  I worked with Adrian quite Yes, yes, yes actually I did.  I worked with Adrian quite
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a few times, helping building things, putting panels in the wall or holding a bit of timber  a few times, helping building things, putting panels in the wall or holding a bit of timber 
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and what he was cutting it there. Quite often. And also with Harry  and what he was cutting it there. Quite often. And also with Harry 
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Redfern. He was the engineer. I helped him. Redfern. He was the engineer. I helped him.
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 At a particular stage, there was a   At a particular stage, there was a 
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a, an old tractor, an old Ferguson tractor, one the island to carry things from one end to the a, an old tractor, an old Ferguson tractor, one the island to carry things from one end to the
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other.  Had to be overhauled and he wanted somebody to give me other.  Had to be overhauled and he wanted somebody to give me
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a hand. Said,  look, some evenings are free.  I can come and help you. We'll  work evenings. a hand. Said,  look, some evenings are free.  I can come and help you. We'll  work evenings.
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Many evenings, dismantling  the tractor and then putting it back again. I did lots of  Many evenings, dismantling  the tractor and then putting it back again. I did lots of 
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things like this. And, also, quite things like this. And, also, quite
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a lot of work with Stephan, biological work, counting penguins a lot of work with Stephan, biological work, counting penguins
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or seals or this sort of thing. [Ingrid] So Stephan was the doctor down there? [George] Yes or seals or this sort of thing. [Ingrid] So Stephan was the doctor down there? [George] Yes
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the doctor and he didn't have anything to do besides being a doctor. the doctor and he didn't have anything to do besides being a doctor.
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Everyone was healthy, apart from the odd cut or things like this. Uh, had the  biological Everyone was healthy, apart from the odd cut or things like this. Uh, had the  biological
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program and he was always was counting seals and penguins, skuas, and albatrosses program and he was always was counting seals and penguins, skuas, and albatrosses
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and the nests and all. [Ingrid] Sounds excellent [George] Banding  penguins. I banded so many penguins. Have you ever done banded penguins? and the nests and all. [Ingrid] Sounds excellent [George] Banding  penguins. I banded so many penguins. Have you ever done banded penguins?
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We used to put these  waders, plastic waders, because , just  you grab them, you grab  We used to put these  waders, plastic waders, because , just  you grab them, you grab 
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the penguin, holding to you and the other one puts the penguin, holding to you and the other one puts
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a little clip in the, in the  flipper. Let it go. But they soil themselves  and  doesn't a little clip in the, in the  flipper. Let it go. But they soil themselves  and  doesn't
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matter what you do,  you keep on stinking for days [laughing]. Oh, banding matter what you do,  you keep on stinking for days [laughing]. Oh, banding
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petrels, they vomit on you. Oh, pyoo, it just doesn't matter what you do, it doesn't matter it  petrels, they vomit on you. Oh, pyoo, it just doesn't matter what you do, it doesn't matter it 
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 how you washed yourself,  it still smells. [Ingrid] On that note, what were the toilets and the  how you washed yourself,  it still smells. [Ingrid] On that note, what were the toilets and the
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shower facilities like on the island. [George] Very good, in the hut there, just good. [Ingrid] Did you have your shower facilities like on the island. [George] Very good, in the hut there, just good. [Ingrid] Did you have your
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own shower in your own? [George] No, I didn't, no.  I had to run across the open  to go to the own shower in your own? [George] No, I didn't, no.  I had to run across the open  to go to the
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toilet or the shower [coughing] Neither did Stephan ,neither did uh, the officer in charge. We had to go toilet or the shower [coughing] Neither did Stephan ,neither did uh, the officer in charge. We had to go
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through the open, in the snow, barefooted to the toilet and come back into my warm little through the open, in the snow, barefooted to the toilet and come back into my warm little
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bed. [Ingrid] And was there enough water for you to be able to have showers each day? [George] Yes  [Ingrid] So we did they bed. [Ingrid] And was there enough water for you to be able to have showers each day? [George] Yes  [Ingrid] So we did they
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get the water supply from ? [George] It came from a ?soak? in North Head get the water supply from ? [George] It came from a ?soak? in North Head
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In North Head,  there was a  In North Head,  there was a 
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?soak?  to keep on pouring water all the time from underground and that was channelling ?soak?  to keep on pouring water all the time from underground and that was channelling
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into a container and to  container to the camp and that was enough. It was  into a container and to  container to the camp and that was enough. It was 
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?enough?. Now that apparently dried up  over the years, so they  had water coming from ?enough?. Now that apparently dried up  over the years, so they  had water coming from
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the other end  of the island. There is   the other end  of the island. There is  
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a big tank there. Pumped back into the station. I think that's what they is now.Isn't it?   a big tank there. Pumped back into the station. I think that's what they is now.Isn't it?  
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 [Ingrid] At Gadget's Gully. [George] Yes, that's right. At the bottom of Gadget's   [Ingrid] At Gadget's Gully. [George] Yes, that's right. At the bottom of Gadget's 
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Gully. [Ingrid] All right, well [George] It comes from there. See, uh, talking  about snow and ice Gully. [Ingrid] All right, well [George] It comes from there. See, uh, talking  about snow and ice
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Harry, Harry came from Broome, north Western Australia, and he and snow and ice, Harry, Harry came from Broome, north Western Australia, and he and snow and ice,
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they didn't know each other. And, so,  he, he was the engineer and [laughing] we had to they didn't know each other. And, so,  he, he was the engineer and [laughing] we had to
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an old Hoover washing machine to wash our clothes and then we used to take them to the an old Hoover washing machine to wash our clothes and then we used to take them to the
44:35

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Powerhouse. It was warm there. There were a couple of things  hang to dry there. And  one day it was frozen Powerhouse. It was warm there. There were a couple of things  hang to dry there. And  one day it was frozen
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?bored? He dismantled the whole washing machine. You know what happened. Water ?bored? He dismantled the whole washing machine. You know what happened. Water
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remaining in the washing machine had frozen and was solid. So he didn't think remaining in the washing machine had frozen and was solid. So he didn't think
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about chucking  a bottle of the hot water. No, he just dismantled the whole thing to scrape about chucking  a bottle of the hot water. No, he just dismantled the whole thing to scrape
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the ice. [Ingrid] Did it work after that? [George] Yes it worked. it worked.  But with a lot of   the ice. [Ingrid] Did it work after that? [George] Yes it worked. it worked.  But with a lot of  
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a lot of work and all he had to do was  put in a bucket a lot of work and all he had to do was  put in a bucket
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a hot water and the whole thing would melt.  Didn't think of that because it was not a hot water and the whole thing would melt.  Didn't think of that because it was not
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meant to live in snow conditions. [Ingrid] All right, well, on that note,  we might take meant to live in snow conditions. [Ingrid] All right, well, on that note,  we might take
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a short break and we'll come back later to talk about time out in the field and  the group a short break and we'll come back later to talk about time out in the field and  the group
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dynamics. dynamics.